99^ FLORA. 



above the base, gradually or abruptly contracted into margined petioles, rough 

 above, sparingly serrate, the lower often 3 dm. long and I dm. wide; heads com- 

 monly several or numerous, 7-10 cm. broad; involucre hemispheric, its bracts 

 imbricated in many series, densely hirsute and ciliate, usually longer than the 

 disk; chaff of the receptacle and lobes of the disk-corollas pubescent; pappus of 2 

 subulate awns. In dry soil, Va. to Ga. and Ala. Reported from 111. Aug.-Oct. 



29. Helianthus tuberosus L. Jerusalem Artichoke. Earth Apple. 

 (I. F. f. 3919.) Perennial by fleshy thickened rootstocks bearing tubers ; stems 

 branched above, 2-3.5 m - high. Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, firm, 3-nerved 

 near the base, narrowed, or the lower rounded, truncate or subcordate at the base, 

 acuminate at the apex, rather long-petioled, serrate, 1-2 dm. long, 4-7 cm. wide, 

 the upper alternate, the lower opposite ; heads several or numerous, 5-8 cm. broad ; 

 involucre hemispheric; rays 12-20; chaff of the receptacle acute and pubescent at 

 the summit; achenes pubescent. In moist soil, N. B. and Ont. to the N. W. Terr., 

 south to Ga., Kans. and Ark. Often occurs along roadsides in the east, a relic of 

 cultivation by the aborigines. Now extensively grown for its edible tubers. Sept.- 

 Oct. 



Helianthus tuberbsua subcanescens A. Gray. Lower; leaves densely white canes- 

 cent beneath. Prairies, Minn, to the N. W. Terr., south to Mo. 



65. VERBESINA L. 



Pubescent or scabrous herbs (some tropical species shrubby), with leaves often 

 decurrent on the stem and branches, and corymbose or solitary heads of both tubu- 

 lar and radiaie yellow or white flowers, or the rays sometimes wanting. Involucre 

 campanulate or hemispheric, its bracts imbricated in few series. Receptacle chaffy, 

 the chaff embracing the disk-flowers. Ray-flowers pistillate or neutral. Disk- 

 flowers perfect, mostly fertile, their corollas with an expanded 5-lobed limb, usually 

 longer than the tube. Style-branches of the disk-flowers with acute papillose 

 appendages. Achenes flattened, or those of the ray-flowers 3 -sided, their margins 

 winged or wingless. Pappus of 2 (1-3) subulate awns, sometimes with 2 or 3 

 intermediate scales. [Name altered from Verbena.] A large genus, variously 

 restricted by authors, mainly natives of the New World. Besides the following, 

 about 6 others occur in the southern and southwestern U. S. 



Involucre campanulate, 4-6 mm. broad; heads small, numerous. 



Leaves alternate; rays white. 1. V. Virginica. 



Leaves opposite; rays yellow. 2. V. occidentalis. 

 Involucre hemispheric, 12-20 mm. broad ; heads few, large. 



Leaves ovate, sessile, serrate. 3. V. helianthoides. 



Leaves deltoid, petioled, coarsely dentate. 4. V. encelioides. 



Involucre of a few, at length deflexed bracts; disk globose. 5. V. alternifolia. 



i. Verbesina Virginica L. Small White or Virginia Crownbeard. 

 (I. F. f. 3920.) Perennial; stem densely puberulent, terete or winged, 1-2 m. 

 nigh. Leaves usually thin, ovate, roughish above, puberulent, canescent or gla- 

 bra te beneath, acute or acuminate, 10-25 cm. long, 2-7 cm. wide, contracted at the 

 base into winged petioles, the uppermost sessile, lanceolate, smaller, often entire; 

 heads corymbose-paniculate, 12-20 mm. broad; bracts narrowly lanceolate, erect, 

 obtuse, pubescent; rays 3-5, obovate, white, pistillate; achenes minutely pubes- 

 cent, winged or wingless. In dry soil, Penn. to Va., 111. and Kans., south to Fla. 

 and Tex. Aug.-Sept. 



2. Verbesina occidentalis (L.) Walt. Small Yellow Crownbeard. (I. F. 

 f. 3921.) Perennial; stem glabrous, or puberulent above, usually much branched, 

 narrowly 4-winged, 1-2 dm. high, the branches also winged and pubescent. Leaves 

 thin, ovate, or the upper oblong, minutely rough -pubescent on both sides, or gla- 

 brate, acuminate at the apex, narrowed or contracted below into slender petioles, 

 serrate, 10-25 cm * l° n g> 2_ 8 cm. wide; heads 12-25 mm. broad, corymbose; bracts 

 lanceolate, obtuse, erect, or the tips slightly spreading, pubescent; rays 1-5, usu- 

 ally pistillate, rarely none; achenes wingless. In dry thickets and on hillsides, 

 Md. and southern Penn. to 111., Fla. and Ga. Aug.-Oct. 



3. Verbesina helianthoides Michx. Sunflower Crownbeard. (I. F. 

 f. 3922.) Perennial; stem hispid or hirsute, 4-winged, usually simple, 6-12 dm. 



