CONTENTS. 1x 


: 
on the Saskatchewan—Dr. Hector’s Group D.—Cretacrous No. 3.—Typical 
series—Representatives westward—Representatives in Manitoba—Crerace- 
ous No. 4.—Typical series—Pembina Mountain Group—Representatives on 
the Line westward—Effect of this Formation on the country—Modifying 
effectof Drift—Saline springs—Prof. Hind’s Section—Dr. Hector’s Group 
B. and C.—Creracrous No. 5.—Typical series—Representatives on the Line— 
Prof. Hind’s Section—Disrrisution or Cretaceous Susprvisions—Lienite TEr- 
TIARY Formation.—Relations of beds on the Line—Eastern limit of the 
Formation—Western Representatives—Persistent zone of Sandstones— 
Resemblance of western series to Judith River beds—Tertiary beds observed 
by Dr. Hector - -2-5- << -.4.-, 5.2 = = @ 2 6 == = p. 136 
7 CHAPTER VII. 
CONDITIONS OF DEPOSIT CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY. 
BURNING OF LIGNITE BEDS.—COMPOSITION AND ECONOMIC 
VALUE OF LIGNITES AND IRONSTONES. 
CONDITIONS IMPLIED BY CRETECEOUS AND TERTIARY DEPOSITS—Period of shallow water— 
Extent and nature of submergence during Niobrara period—Detrital beds of 
Fort Pierre group—Closing period of shallow waters—Extensive land areas 
during Lignite Tertiary—Conditions of formation of lignites——ComsBusTION OF 
LicniTE BEDs—Appearances indicating this action—Effects produced on sur- 
rounding beds—Area over which similar phenomena have been observed— 
Question whether such fires are spontaneous—Extent to which lignites have 
been destroyed—Composition AND Economic VALUE OF LIGNITES AND IRON ORES— 
Analyses of lignites—Nature of lignites—Classes of lignites represented— 
Variability of water content—Lignites as fuels—Import of the St. Mary 
River coal—Other similar fuels near the mountains—Area of lignite-bearing 
formation—Ironstones of the Lignite Tertiary—Ironstones of the Cretaceous— 
Probability of their future economic importance - - - - - - - p.159 
Papa TERY LIE: 
AGE OF THE LIGNITE-BEARING FORMATION AND POSITION OF THE 
LINE SEPARATING THE CRETACEOUS AND TERTIARY. 
Ace or THE Licnite Formation—Nature of the question—Physical break between 
Cretaceous and Tertiary of Europe—No physical break in Interior Conti- 
nental region—Unity of the Lignite formation—Tertiary age of Eastern 
representatives not directly questioned—Summary of facts and opinions 
bearing on the age of Lignite formation—Stratigraphical—Invertebrate 
fossils—Fossil plants— Vertebrate remains—Character of Junction Creta- 
ceous No. 5 and Lignite formation—Contemporaneous deposit of No. 5 over 
the entire area.—Review Or tue Evipence—Plants—Fresh-water molluscs— 
Marine molluscs—Vertebrates—General conclusions - - - - - - p. 183 
z CHAPTER IX. 
GLACIAL PHENOMENA AND SUPERFICIAL DEPOSITS. 
GLACIATION aND SuperrFiciaL Deposits, Laxe or THE Woops—The lake-basin—Depth of 
the lake—Direction of glacial striation—Superposed striation in different 
directions—Special instances of glaciation—Pre-glacial age of outfall of 
lake—Distribution of boulders—Upper Silurian limestone boulders, with 
fossils—N. E. limit of limestone drift—Methods of accounting for limestone 

