INTRODUCTION. 11 



Another peculiarity inherent in modern types, is 

 the fact that they are all surrounded by subordin- 

 ate types, which partake in different degrees of 

 the family character, but are anomalous in other 

 points, and may be likened to islands round a con- 

 tinent. Such subordinate types are Campanula- 

 cese, and Lobeliace£e, which must be considered 

 dependencies of the Compositse ; Cornacese, and 

 Araliacese, tributary to Umbelliferae ; Papavera- 

 cese, Fumariacese, and Capparidacese, which group 

 themselves round Cruciferse. 



These groups are fragments of an ancestral con- 

 dition, through which at some remote period the 

 respective types have passed, when their characters 

 were not yet so firmly established, and when their 

 variability was comprised within wider limits. 



They represent forms not entirely ancestral, but 

 more ancient than the bulk of the type, and as 

 such partake to a certain extent of the peculiari- 

 ties of ancestral types ; that is, their species are 

 easily distinguishable, but the types themselves 

 frequently show a tendency to connect with lines 

 of evolution at present distant from their own. 

 For instance, Cornacese, and Araliacese, dependen- 

 cies of the Umbelliferre, approach in Cornus. Vi- 

 burnum of the Oaprifoliaceae, a dependency of the 

 Kubiacese, and by the Araliacere they connect 

 with Saxifragacese. The Papaveracere, a depen- 

 dency of Cruciferrc, connects especially in some of 

 our Californian forms withLoasacese, and Keseda- 

 cese, which belong to the Viola-Passiflora series. 



