40 TREES AND SHRUBS 

Cornus sanguinea, Zizmeus. EUROPEAN RED OsIER. An erect shrub 
from Europe; leaves somewhat downy on the under surface; flowers white; 
fruit dark purple or blackish, not edible; young branches purple. Native also 
of Asia. 
Cornus sericea, Zimnm@us. SILKY DoGwoop, KINNIKINNIK. Branches 
purplish, younger branchlets, stalks, leaves, etc., a lighter dull color; 3 to 8 feet 
high. Native. Used by the Indians of the Lake Superior region as a substitute 
for tobacco. 
* Cornus stolonifera, Michaux. RED OsIER DoGwoop. Young smooth 
branches of a bright red or slightly purple color; leaves ovate, slightly rough 
on both surfaces, and whitish on the lower; flowers white. Native. Multi- 
plies freely by ‘‘suckers.”’ The Cornus alba of the gardens is only another 
name for the same species. 
Cornus stricta, Zamébert. STIFF CORNEL. A low shrub common in wet 
places to the south of us; smooth branches brown or red; leaves smooth and 
green. 
Nyssa. Sour GuM TREE, TUPELO, PEPPERIDGE. Tree with male and 
female flowers united or separate on the same tree or separated and on different 
trees; flowers greenish, crowded, and inconspicuous; leaves alternate and 
entire. Our species, 
Nyssa multiflora, Wangenheim ; is a large common tree; leaves shining 
green in summer and bright crimson in autumn. The tough, hard-splitting 
wood once much used for making wagon-hubs, a demand which is now more 
generally met by the Rock-Elm. 
CUPULIFER. Oak Family. 
Trees or shrubs with alternate and simple straight-veined leaves. Male 
and female flowers separated, but on the same plant; female flowers solitary, 
clustered, or spiked, furnished with a cup-like often prickly involucre (as in the 
acorn, beech-nut, and chestnut); seed-leaves thick, fleshy, and often edible. 
An order of great importance to man. 
Carpinus. IRoN-Woop, HoRNBEAM. Staminate flowers in drooping cy- 
lindrical clusters, small; fertile flowers loosely spiked ;.when mature the fruit- 
leaves are 3-lobed, halberd-shaped, and somewhat notched on one side. 
Carpinus Americana, Jfichaux. AMERICAN HORNBEAM, BLUE or 
Water BeecH. A middle- or under-sized tree, with ovate, toothed leaves and 
5- to 7-nerved fruit-bracts; bark smooth, white or grayish white; wood, when 
dry, very hard and elastic. 
Carpinus Betulus, Zizn@us. EUROPEAN HORNBEAM. Leaves ovate 
elliptical, fruit-leaves 3-nerved. Grows in Europe and Asia, and is much used 
abroad as a hedge-plant. 
Castanea. CHESTNUT. Cupule 2- to 4-flowered, forming a prickly, hard 
bur 2- to 4-parted when ripe. Wood and fruit both important to man. Here 
we follow Gray as to the relation between the European and the American 
Chestnut. 
