OE 

y —_— =~ 7 a 
70 TREES AND SHRUBS 
lobes, petals, and stamens nearly always 5; “leaves with nearly straight, par- 
allel veins ;’’ seeds convex on the back. This species grows in wet places 
from New Jersey south, and has rather large oblong leaves, with the flowers 
single or in small clusters in the axils; fruit black, 3-seeded. By most 
authorities this genus is now united with 
Rhamnus. BuckTHoRN. Differs from the above mainly in the seeds, 
which are grooved or concave on the hack; leaves feather-veined. Flowers 
greenish white and with the sexes usually separate. 
Rhamnus alnifolius, Z’ //éritier. ALDER-LEAVED BUCKTHORN. A low 
native shrub, with oval, sharp-pointed, straight-veined leaves; fruit 3-seeded, 
and flowers without petals ; stamens 5. 
Rhamnus catharticus, Z7zu@us. COMMON EUROPEAN BUCKTHORN. 
Petals present; stamens 4; ovate leaves finely serrate; fruit 3- to 4-seeded. 
Introduced from Europe, and used for hedges on account of its thorny branch- 
lets. Is a violent cathartic, and as such is used in veterinary surgery. 
Rhamnus infectorius, Zizzz@us. STAINING BUCKTHORN, AVIGNON 
Berry. A spiny shrub from Southern Europe, with 4 petals, 4 stamens, and 
usually a 4-seeded berry; leaves ovate-lanceolate, finely toothed, male and 
female flowers on different plants. This species is one of the sources of the 
Yellow or Persian Berries ‘used by dyers in calico-printing.”’ From the bark 
of two other species the Chinese prepare a beautiful green dye for their silks. 
It is now imported under the name of Chinese Green Indigo. 
ROSACE, Rose Family. 
Herbs, shrubs, or trees with alternate leaves and regular flowers; petals 
separate; stamens mostly many, free from one another, and inserted on the 
calyx. Pistils one to many, usually separate; seeds one to several. This im- 
portant order is mostly destitute of noxious qualities, the common exception 
being in the “leaves, bark, and kernels of some cherries and the like,’ which 
contain prussic acid. The family is divided into a number of well-marked 
natural groups. 
Amelanchier. JUNE-BERRY, SERVICE-BERRY. Calyx-tube adhering to 
the ovary and becoming a small succulent fruit, enclosing the 5 ovaries, each 
of which is divided by a partition, so that the fruit shows Io cells; styles 5. 
Trees or shrubs with the petals long and narrow and clustered along the then 
leafless branches. 
Amelanchier Canadensis, Zorrey and Gray. SHAD-BUSH, SERVICE- 
BERRY. A conspicuous species of several forms, but ranging in size from a 
small shrub to a tree 30 feet high, distinguished by its attractive white flowers 
(on the leafless branches), which appear in early spring. A common native, of 
wide range. It has produced a number of forms under cultivation. 
Cotoneaster. Ovary included in and when mature adherent to tube of the 
calyx; cells of the ovary and styles each 2 to 5, each cell 2-ovuled; mature 
fruit of 2 to § hard nutlets; stamens many, inserted in the mouth of the calyx. 
‘Trees or shrubs, erect or decumbent. 

