A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 315 



GREENBRIER FAMILY, SMILACEiK. 



65 Greenbrier (P) Smilax rotundi folia L. Greenbriers of one or two 

 additional species besides that above named, are found in fence rows and thicket 

 borders. They may be killed by grubbing and putting- the land incultivated crops. 



II DICOTYLEDONES. 



Plants with two seed-leaves (cotyledons) and leaves netted-veined. 



WILLOW FAMILY, SALICACE.F:. 



66 Willows (P) Salix spp. That very persistence in growth which renders 

 willows so valuable in protecting - embankments and closings the mouths of 

 abandoned waterways, makes them obstructive pests along- streams g-enerally. 

 Frequent cutting- or grubbing- is resorted to. After the willows have become 

 larg-e enoug-h to "peel" the bark from the trunk near the ground, this method of 

 destruction is often succesfully practiced. This seems best done during- June, 

 when the bark is most easily separated. I have seen willows thus treated com- 

 pletely killed out, and the stumps rotting- afterwards with little or no sprouting - . 



67 C otto nwoods, Poplars (P) Popu'us spp. The various sorts of poplar 

 are often a serious annoyance in lawns. The white, or silver poplar, Populus 

 alba L., sprouts prodigiously, and the same is true of the Lombardy poplar, 

 Populus dilatata L. The commoner Cottonwood planted for shade has likewise 

 proved a troublesome neig-hbor by reason of its free sprouting-. The frequent 

 grubbing- of sprouts is about all that can be done, and will prove effective if 

 often euough repeated. 



WALNUT AND HICKORY FAMILY, JUGLANDACE^E. 



68 Hickories (P) Hicoria spp. Sprouting- hickories are one of the greatest 

 pests of the sandy, hillside pastures of southern and southeastern Ohio. Unless 

 frequently grubbed over, the quality and yield of herbage are affected. On such 

 lands plowing is dangerous because of disastrous washing. The most that can 

 be done seems to be to grub out, cut off or peel the bushes at intervals. With 

 these as with other plants, the maximum shock will be given to the plant if cut 

 off or grubbed at the time growth is about to cease and food storage increase. 

 This will commonly occur in June and July. 



MULBERRY FAMILY, MORACEA^E. 



69 Osage Orange (P) Toxylon pomiferum Raf. This is the common 

 osage hedge plant from the southwest and often planted for hedges. The leaves 

 arf ovate and frequently pointed, smooth and glossy. The flowers are of two 

 sorts and the fruit, a large apple-like affair, contains a large number of seeds. 

 The plant is freely multiplied by cuttings and appears to branch freely from the 

 root, especially where this is broken. It is a conspicuous annoyance in many 

 portions of Ohio where it has heen planted for hedges and neglected, interfering 

 not only with the appearance of the roadway but with the productiveness of the 

 fields by which the early hedges grew. It is not improbable that becoming a 

 pest in border areas, it may, in a few generations, become a persistent border 

 plant, rendering the woodlots a source of annoyance thereby. It may be eradi- 

 cated by cutting off the tops and burning brush apon stumps and by subsequent 

 attention and removal of sprouts, if any. 



70 Hop (P) *Humulus Lupulus L. This is a common vine with its long root- 

 stocks under ground and is frequently a source of trouble about old homesteads. 

 The leaves are roundish and 3 to 7 cleft, while the vines are rough with stiff 

 hairs. Persistent grubbing of the roots and cutting of the new shoots will 

 usually clean it out. These vines were originally planted for the production of 

 hops and are often neglected. They are freely attacked by leaf-spot fungi 

 including, Cylindrosporium Hamuli E & E., Phyllosticta Humuli Sacc, 

 Septoria lupulina E & K. and others, and for several reasons are objectionable 

 when running wild. 



