A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 365 



333 Ironweed(P) Veinonia maxima Small. With its tall si.ems, 4 to 7 

 feet high, large, tapering - , pointed leaves and red-purple heads of flowers, the 

 ironweed is a noticeable plant. More than this, its perennial roots makes it 

 despised by the cultivator. This weed's favorite haunt is in moist, permanent 

 grass lands, such as grassy hollows, bottoms and pastures. In these situations 

 danger of washing often prevents cultivation, so that the ironweed holds its 

 own year after }-ear, sending up its hard woody stems. For eradication we have 

 the alternatives of grubbing or frequent cutting off with the hoe and salting*; 

 the salting will be much more efficient in pasture lands, where its work will 

 be extended more or less by the stock. The species given is that more 

 commonl}' found; one or two other species grow in similar situations, but all 

 have the ironweed character. 



The ironweeds are attacked by several species of fungi, including the leaf 

 mildews, Erysip/ie Cichoracearum DC. and Sphcetotheca Castagnei Lev.; by a 

 downy mildew, Plasjnopoia HalMedii (Farl. ), and by rusts belonging to two 

 genera, Coleosporium and Puccini a. 



334 Jopye=weed, Trumpetweed (P) Eupatorium purpureum L., is a 

 very tall weed, four to ten feet high without branches and with a large 

 cluster of reddish blossoms. The leaves are very large, growing in whorls, 

 three to six at a joint. They are sharply saw-toothed on the margin. 

 Jopye-weed grows in similar situations to ironweed and may be destroyed in 

 the same manner. 



335 White Snake root (P) Eupatorium ageratoides L. f. This is a 

 smooth, branching thoroughwort, about three feet high, with broadly egg- 

 shaped, coarsely toothed, pointed, long-stalked opposite leaves, three to five 

 inches long-. It has showy clusters of pretty white flower-heads, making a 

 conspicuous and handsome plant, sometimes found in cultivation. It is very 

 frequent in low, bottom pastures and along the borders of woods. Interest 

 attaches to this weed by reason of its suggested relation to milk-leg in cattle 

 and its reputed poisoning of sheep and of persons through use of milk from 

 cattle feeding on it. Recent experiments by Moseley 1 , sustain the reputed poison- 

 ous character of the plant. 



For destruction it requires the same measures as for ironweed. Removal 

 would be profitable compared with recurrent loss and sickness. 



336 Boneset, Thoroughwort (P) Eupatorium perfoliatum L. If use as a 

 domestic remedy would exclude a plant from a weed list this one would be 

 excluded. But unfortunately it is a low, unsightly weed in moist land. It has 

 light green, opposite leaves, whose bases unite around the stem, and small 

 heads of white flowers. This plant was introduced into England, according 

 to Millspaugh, as early as 1699, but was not admitted into the medical list 

 until about 1800. It has the same character of root as ironweed and requires 

 like vigorous treatment to destroy it. As with the three preceding, its 

 destruction is assisted by more thorough drainage of the land in which it grows. 



Thoroughworts harbor the same or similar species of fungi to those found 

 upon the ironweed. 



337 Mist=flower (P) Eupatorium coctcstinum L. This plant resembles 

 No. 338 in growth, but has blue or violet rays. Occurring in the southeast and 

 possibly elsewhere. Destroyed as the others. 



338 Kuhnia, (P) Kuhnia cupatorioidcs L. Grows in cluster, two to three 

 feet high, from a very large, deep root. The leaves are narrow, tapering and 

 sometimes toothed, the whitish flowers are followed by seeds with very showy 

 attached plumes. This is a very conspicuous weed in late fall, occurring in 

 dr}' or prairie lands, more commonly to the northward. It is, wherever seen, 

 usually badly rusted with Puccinia Kuhnia S. 



It is more easily killed by grubbing than ironweed or boneset, by reason of 

 the single root. 



lOhio Naturalist. 7:463-470, 477-4S3 : 1906. 



