A SECOND OHIO WEED MANUAL. 369 



357 Sunflowers (P) Htlianthus spp. The wild sunflowers with their broad 

 leaves and tall stems surmounted by beautiful yellow flower-heads, are usually 

 conspicuous in rich bottoms and upon dry hillsides. The seeds unlike the most 

 of the family, are without hairy plums. Sunflowers may be destroyed by 

 cultivation or by free use of the hoe and salt. 



358 Winged=ironweed, Yellow Ironweed (P) Verbesina alternifolia (L ) 

 Britt. It is a frequent pest in bottoms. It is very similar in habit to the 

 iron weeds, differing- in the yellow heads of flowers and in the winged stems; 

 the wings are more prominent above. It grows 4 to 8 feet high, persisting by 

 the perennial roots. To be treated in the same manner as the other ironweeds. 



359 Spanish Needles (A) Bidens bipinnata L. A low, smooth, much 

 branched annual, with three times parted, egg-shaped tapering leaves and 

 inconspicuous, yellow flowers, which is commonly found growing in moderately 

 dry pastures and waste places. Because of it the sheep come up with brown 

 head-gear at the time when nuts begin to drop and squirrels are plenty in the 

 woods. 



Seeds dark, four sided, needle-shaped, 5-8 inch long, tipped with two to 

 four stout, downwardly barbed awns. Gathered freely by the wool of sheep. 

 Successfuly removed by hand pulling and mowing before the seeds are formed. 



360=361 Stick=tights, Beggar's=ticks (A) Bidens connata Muhl., Bidens 

 frondosa L. These are taller, leafy annuals, more frequent than the last, 

 especially in moist lands. Seeds brown, flat, thin, with two or more bearded, 

 forked awns at the top, adhering freely to clothing and animals. May be 

 subdued largely hy a free use of the scythe in late summer. 



362 Tickseed Sunflower (A) Bidens trichosperma (Michx. ) Britt. This 

 is a smooth, branched, rather tall growing plant, with 3 to 7-divided leaves and 

 rather large heads of flowers having golden-yellow rays; seeds much as the 

 last. It is commonly found in wet or marshy land, but as reported from Mahon- 

 ing county by Mr. E. W. Vickers, this plant is capable of growing- along drv 

 roadsides. In these situations near Ellsworth, it grew luxuriantly, proving 

 obnoxious to the judgment if not to the eye. For its destruction the same 

 measures are recommended as for stick-tights. 



363 Galinsoga (A) ^Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Galinsoga has become 

 widely distributed over Ohio, having been introduced from tropical America. 

 It is a low, branching annual, with nettle-like leaves and minute heads with 

 whitish rays. Very frequent in waste places. Destroyed by prevention of 

 seeding. Seeds dark, pyramidal, four-sided and ribbed, 1-16 inch long, 

 narrow below. 



364 Sneezeweed (P) Helenium autumnale L. Is a rather smooth plant, 

 2 to 4 feet high, with toothed, lance-shaped leaves and handsome heads of yellow 

 flowers. The yellow rays are 3 to 5-parted at the tip, which character may 

 serve to identify it. Quite frequent along banks of streams and ditches. Not 

 especially noxious but sometimes impeding the discharge of overflowing waters. 

 Western species of sneezeweed have been introduced in grass seeds. 



365 Fetid Marigold (A) *Boebcia papposa (Vent.) Rydb. It is a nearly 

 smooth plant, about a foot high, with leaves resembling those of Spanish needles 

 but prickly toothed. It has a disagreeable odor and has recently become 

 transplanted from the west. It grows luxuriantly where established. 



Seeds dark, slender, four-angled, about 1-6 inch long, wider above, 

 covered with upwardly pointing hairs, crowned by a ring of short, rustv-brown 

 pappus. Becoming frequent in western seeds and hay. Destro}- it in the same 

 manner as the other annuals just described. It is well worth while to scrutinize 

 the seeds used in order to avoid planting this weed. Its character in Ohio is 

 yet to be learned, though rating nearly as mayweed. 



