THE PRIMEVAL MONUMENTS OF PERU. 13 
most important features of modern fortifications. In short, 
as we find in the rude chulpas of Acora, the essential fea- 
tures of the imposing and skilfully constructed burial towers 
of Sillustani, so we find in these primitive defenses the 
fundamental ideas subsequently elaborated in the gigantic 
fortresses of Sacsahuaman, Pisac, and Ollantaytambo. Some 
instances fell under my notice in Peru, of single rough 
upright stones, oceasionally of great size, which were huaca 
or sacred, and to which great reverence is still paid by the 
Indians. A notable instance is to be observed on the sum- 
Fig. 8. 
MS —— 
— 
- = 
Intihuatanus of Sillustani, Peru. 
mit of a high, bare hill, on the road between the port of 
Simanco and the town of Nepeüa, and which overlooks the 
interesting ruins of Huaca-Tambo. No doubt some of these 
stones were set up by hand of man, but most of them 
occupy natural positions. * 
'The celebrated ruins of Tiahuanaco in Bolivia, which may 
be called the Stonehenge or Carnac of the new world, afford 
a striking example of the artificial arrangement of rough as 
well as upright stones, in the form of squares and rectangles, 
The Indians of the coast of Peru raised large stones in their chacras, gardens and 
Msi fields, which they called chichoe or Truanea, also chacrayoe, or Lord of the 
