12 THE PRIMEVAL MONUMENTS OF PERU. 
struction they somewhat resemble the works uncritically 
known as Pelasgic. A notable example may be named in 
the ruins of Quellenata, already mentioned, situated on a 
mountain dominating the town of Vileachico, and overlook- 
ing Lake Titicaca (Fig. 2). Still another, but less rude, is 
the great fortress of Chancayillo or Calaveras, in the upper 
part of the valley of Casma. 
Tradition affirms that these pucaras, or strongholds, were 
reared long ago, when the inhabitants of Peru were divided 
up into savage and warlike tribes, "before the sun shone,” or 
the Incas had established their benignant rule. They are 
held in a certain veneration as the works of giants, whose 
spirits still haunt them, and require to be propitiated with 
offerings of chicha and coca. Hundreds of these remains, 
often of great extent, crown the bare mountain tops of Cen- 
tral and Southern Peru and Bolivia, and are scattered’ all 
through the grand Andean plateau. Looking upon them in 
their obvious character, expressed also in their name of 
pucaras, as strongholds or fortresses, we find them to be but 
rude types of the extensive and elaborate defensive works 
constructed by the Incas, and in which were introduced 
parapets, salient and reéntering angles, and many of the 
French) by the cireumstance that human ici and other evidences of sepulture, are 
foun nd i in all or nearly all of these monument But we know so A T e temple and vaj 
f 
r reciprocal sa 
tity and reverence. bs the antiquaries of the future anl over the question 
ers r Westminster Abbey and the Church of St. Denis were tombs or temples, on 
or ? e this discussion ron — Fox (and I am pee confined to the deu 
alluded to), after à for megalithic monuments than Mr. ier" 
"D — the Canary Islands, Algeria, Palestine, Persia, the Fejee Islands 
were the work of one people that miu 
es mies west Pw: barriers | of Poan like the t um the south and 
line 
eternal 
their oc- 
currence. And that, th f hn which America is 
enumerated), * are Medii those where civi lisetion n never etrated." Civilization 
E , a relative , and to which nations who in this age go to war with 
of the Arcadian accom of New Mexico mi ht lay good npe pa if megalithic 
onuments i 
stages, Pe 
from what has been ‘meee D the text, e: no longer * be left o ni] in a cold;" and if 
civilization took the route of these mon ts it certainly spread “laterally” past the 
Pacific Islands to America, or— vice mq, 
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