10 THE PRIMEVAL MONUMENTS OF PERU. 
monuments of religion existing side by side with those of 
sepulture, so we find in Peru the Sun-circle, or primitive, 
open, symbolical temple, side by side with the Peruvian 
chulpa. In many places we discover circles defined by rude 
upright stones, and surrounding one or more larger upright 
stones placed sometimes in the centre of the circle, but 
oftener at one-third of the diameter of the circle apart, and 
on a line at right angles to another line that might be drawn 
through the centre of the gateway or entrance on the east. 
In connection with the group of chulpas at Sillustani, or 
rather on the same promontory on which these occur, are 
found a number of such Sun-circles, which seem strangely 
to have escaped the notice of travellers. The tradition of 
their original purpose is preserved in the Quichua name 
they still bear of Intihuatana, “where the sun is tied 
up.” 
Some of these circles are more elaborate than others, as 
shown in the engraving (Fig. 8), from which it will be seen 
that while the one nearest the spectator is constructed of 
simple upright stones, set in the ground; the second one is 
surrounded by a platform of stones more or less hewn and 
fitted together. The first circle is about ninety feet in di- 
ameter; the second about one hundred and fifty feet, and 
has a single erect stone standing in the relative position 
I have already indicated. A remarkable feature in the 
larger circle is a groove cut in the platform around it, deep 
enough to receive a ship’s cable. 
I am well aware that many of the smaller so called Sun- 
circles of the old world are rather grave-circles, or places of 
sepulture; but that in no way bears on the point I am at 
present illustrating, namely: the close resemblance if not 
absolute identity of the primitive monuments of the great 
Andean plateau, elevated thirteen thousand feet above the 
* Inti, in the Quichua language, signifies the Sun, and huatana, the place where or 
the thing with which anything is tied up. The compound word is still applied by the 
Indians to dials and church clocks. Huata signifies a year. 
