4 THE PRIMEVAL MONUMENTS OF PERU. 
bound it in that direction, are some of the better class of 
chulpas, round and square, built of worked stones, to which 
I shall have occasion to allude in another place. 
A modification of the second class of chulpas, which I 
have described, or rather an improvement on them, is to be 
found among the ruins, so called, of Quellenata to the 
northeast of Lake Titicaca, in Bolivia (Fig. 2), and at many 
other places in the ancient Collao. Here the inner chamber 
or vault is formed, as in the case of those already noticed, 
by a circle of upright stones, across the tops of which flat 
stones are laid, forming a chamber, which often has its floor 
below the general level of the earth. Around this chamber 
a wall is built, which is carried up to varying heights of 
from ten to thirty feet. The exterior stones are usually 
broken to conform to the outer curve of the tower, and the 
whole is more or less cemented together with a very tena- 
cious clay. Nearly all are built with flaring or diverging 
walls; that is to say, they are narrower at their bases than 
at their tops. Sometimes this divergence is on a curved in- 
stead of a right line, and gives to the monument a graceful 
shape. In Quellenata I found only one skeleton in each 
of the chulpas I examined; and none of the chulpas had 
open entrances.’ Similar structures in shape and construc- 
tion occur in great numbers among what are called the ruins 
of Ullulloma (Fig. 3), thrge leagues from the town of Sta. 
Rosa in the valley of the river Pucura. -But here the chul- 
pas have openings into which a man may creep, and all of 
them contained originally two or more skeletons. 
Returning now to Acora. As I have intimated, within 
sight of the rude burial monuments already noticed as exist- 
ing there,—and which so closely resemble the cromlechs of 
Fop ee other sepulchral monuments, showing a great 
advance on those of Quellenata and Ullulloma. They are 
both round and square, standing on platforms of stones reg- 
ularly and artificially shaped, dud are themselves built or 
_ squared blocks of limestone. In common with the primitive 
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