RECENT ADVANCES IN GEOLOGY. 451 
Every portion of the carcase was economized. His flesh 
furnished food; his skin, clothing; his sinews, thread; and 
his horns were fashioned into harpoons, javelins, and sockets 
for the reception of spearheads and hatchets. 
On this continent we find the musk-ox and reindeer, iden- 
tical in species with the European forms, in a fossilized state. 
The reindeer ranged as far south as Kentucky and New 
Jersey, but the existing musk-ox has not been found fossil- 
ized outside of his present limits. The Bóotherium, how- 
ever, which exceeded him in size, and to which he was 
closely aliied, had a range co-extensive with the reindeer. 
The stag (Cervus alces) and the bison (B. latifrons), were 
in existence, while the horse, which is abundantly repre- 
sented in the Pliocene, and is continued into the Quaternary 
Period, had become extinct before the discovery of America. 
His remains are found in Eschscholtz Bay (latitude 66° 20’ 
North) in connection with those of the Elephas primigenus, 
the urus, deer, and musk-ox, embedded in a deposit of clay 
and fine micaceous sand. The rhinoceros (R. merianus) 
appears in the Miocene of Texas, and is represented in the 
Pliocene of the Upper Missouri as R. crassus, and in the 
same formation in California as R. hesperius; but thus far 
the Rhinoceros tichorhinus so intimately associated with the 
great Proboseidians of Europe, has not, to my knowledge, 
been found in North America. In addition to these forms 
may. be mentioned the great mastodon, which came into 
being subsequent to the elephant, and survived his extinc- 
tion. 
The fact of the existence of the mammoth or mastodon, 
was certainly known to the founders of the cities of Central 
erica, for in more than one instance there is graven 
with elaborate care, on the walls of their structures, the 
form of a Proboscidian, which cannot be mistaken for one or 
the other of these animals; but the works on which these 
delineations are made, indieate a far higher order of art than 
was ever attained by the prehistoric man of Europe. These 
AMER. NATURALIST, VOL. IV. 58 
