No. 388.] REVIEWS OF RECENT LITERATURE. 335 
Subclass Tetraxonia 
Order Tetraxonida 
Suborder Tetractinellida 
Suborder Lithistida 
Order Monaxonida 
Suborder Clavulina 
Suborder Cornacuspongiz. 
Von Lendenfeld defines the Clavulina as marine Monaxonida, pos- 
sessing as a rule a skeleton made up of rhabdus-like, mostly monac- 
tinal, megascleres, arranged for the most part radially to the surface 
in bundles, and not forming a network in the interior, Occasionally 
without a supporting skeleton. Mostly without, or with very little 
spongin. Occasionally with well-developed spongin skeleton, Micros- 
cleres, when present, always asters or microrhabdi, never chelæ, sig- 
mas, or toxas: If a well-developed spongin skeleton is present, 
microscleres of aster or rhabdus type are always found. 
This suborder is divided into three tribes: (1) Euastrosa, with 
euasters, or, if none, then without skeleton. Other microscleres may 
occur with euasters. Occasionally with spongin. (2) Spirastrosa, 
without euasters, but with spirasters or other microscleres. Occa- 
sionally with spongin. (3) Anastrosa, without microscleres. 
In the suborder are included 26 genera, distributed in ro families. 
Ridley and Dendy (Chal. Rep. on Monaxonida) divide the group into 
2 families with 10 genera. Vosmaer (Bronn’s A7Zass. and Ord.) makes 
2 families with ro genera, and an Anhang, consisting of 9 genera 
(chiefly Gray’s) of boring sponges, which he provisionally accepts and 
unites under the family name of Clionidw. Von Lendenfeld’s group 
owes its size partly to its more comprehensive character, partly to 
the separation of certain genera from the Clavuline families as recog- 
nized by Vosmaer, Ridley and Dendy, aver genera being reincorpo- 
rated as distinct families. 
The following brief review at the ten families included in the 
Clavulina will make plain the scope of the group as defined by von 
Lendenfeld. In the Tethyade are included, along with the type 
genus and Tethyorrhaphis Lend., a boring sponge (Xenospongia- 
aspis), and Sollas’s two genera, Asteropus and Coppatias (united by 
von Lendenfeld as Asteropus), reckoned by Sollas as among the 
Tetractinellida. “he two genera, Chondrilla and Chondrosia, included 
by Vosmaer al~ with Oscarella in his Oligosilicina, are here sepa- 
rated from tt r genus and placed in distinct families, Chondril- 
lide and dæ (Oscarella by von Lendenfeld is assigned to 
the Tetractinellida,. The family Stelligeride is made to include two 
ae 
