No. 390.] SECURING INSECTS FROM BIRDS. 467 
F. Protective Mimicry. 
(asa. 
HYMENOPTERA (RESEMBLANCE AT LEAST). 
I. ICHNEUMONID&, most birds 
2. Siricidæ, see under warning coloration. 
3- Chrysidæ, mimic Stinging Bees, many birds. 
— 
(amal 
DIPTERA. 
I. Syrphus Fly, mimics a Yellow Jacket, most flycatchers. 
2. Drone Fly, mimics a sion -bee, kingbird, phoebe. 
HI 
— 
TRICHOPTERA. 
1. Caddice Flies, said to mimic Millers, many birds. 
IV. COLEOPTERA. 
1. Casnonia (Carabid), mimics an Ant, house wren, song sparrow. 
2. Some Cerambycide, mimic Wasps: 
(a) Typocerus, blue jay, wood pewee 
(4) Leptura zebra, red-eyed vireo, kingbird. 
c) Cyllene, wood pewee. 
(d) Neoclytus erythrocephalus, song sparrow. 
(e) Strangalia luteicornis, kingbird. 
3. Staphylinidæ, mimic Wasps, many birds. 
The above tabulated matter is merely a collection of records, 
fragmentary and incomplete. It does not show the frequency 
with which any species of insect is selected for food by any 
particular bird, and consequently is liable to erroneous inter- 
pretation. 
Insects which resemble the Substratum upon which they rest. 
We will first proceed to ascertain whether those insects 
which exhibit protective coloration in its restrictive sense, that 
is, those that resemble what they rest upon, always baffle birds. 
We wish to determine how efficient this protective adaptation 
is; in a word, we desire to measure its working force. 
In Natural Selection, p. 63, Wallace says: “The whole 
order of Orthoptera, z.¢., grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, etc., 
are protected by their colors, harmonizing with that of the 
vegetation or the soil on which they live.” ... On the next 
page he goes on to state: “We do not adduce any more 
examples to show how important are the details of form and 
