586 THE AMERICAN NATURALIST. (VoL. XXXIII. 
All the other papers under consideration discuss littoral and 
abyssal animals. In an article on the history of the marine 
fauna of Patagonia, H. von Ihering! compares the Antarctic 
mollusks with those of the Arctic. He mentions 9 species that 
are found in both polar seas, but at the same time he says 
that this list comprises almost exclusively such species as are 
of a very large or universal distribution. The connection of 
the polar localities of these forms is chiefly through the deep 
sea. There are no true bipolar species, and if we regard the 
genera present or wanting in the Arctic and Antarctic molluscan 
faunas, both differ considerably. 
Breitfuss* has published a study of the distribution of the 
calcareous sponges of the Arctic seas, and incidentally compares 
them with those of the Antarctic. Of 42 Arctic species only 
a few (6) cross the equator, and a single one extends its range 
into the southern polar regions (Grantia capillosa). The rich 
Calcispongize fauna of the Australian and New Zealand coasts 
is very distinct from that of the Arctic, and from the Magellan, 
South Georgian, and Kerguelen regions only 6 species (belong- 
ing to 4 genera) are known, which, with the exception of 
Grantia capillosa, are different from the northern species; and 
of these genera one (Leucetta) is missing in the Arctic Ocean, 
while, on the other hand, numerous Arctic genera (6 out of 11) 
are not known from the Antarctic. No case of bipolarity, 
either of a species or genus, is mentioned, and the author says 
nothing about a resemblance of faunas of both seas. 
Herdman? refers to the extra-tropical southern tunicate 
fauna of Australia, and, without going into further detail, 
states that there is no special relationship between it and 
the tunicate fauna of the northern hemisphere. As to Mur- 
ray’s extracts, from his report on the distribution of the Chal- 
lenger-Tunicata, he says that the distributional data given in 
this report are not complete, and, he says, “have to be added 
1 Zur Geschichte der marinen Fauna von Patagonien, Zool. Anzeig., Bd. xxvii, 
December, 1897. e 
? Die arctische Kalkschwammfauna, Arch. f. Naturg., Bd. i (1898), Heft 4: 
3 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. 7, vol. i (1898), and Trans. Liverpool Biol. Soc., 
vol. xii (1898), p. 251. 
