1 6 CONTENTS 



PAGE 



Echinodermata: Crinoids. Blastoids. 



Molluscoidea and Mollusc a: Brachiopods. Bryozoans. Pelecypods. Gas- 

 tropods. Cephalopods. 



Arthropoda: Trilobites. Barnacles. Eurypterids. Insects. 



Fishes: Ostracoderms. Sharks. Lungfish. Ganoids. Teleosts or Bony 

 Fish. Comparison of Devonian and Modern Fish. Why the Verte- 

 brate Type was " Fit." 



Plants 467 



Summary 467 



Migration and Evolution. Climate and Duration. 



CHAPTER XIX 



THE CARBONIFEROUS PERIODS 



Mississippian or Lower Carboniferous 469 



Close of the Mississippian. Other Continents. 



Pennsylvanian or Upper Carboniferous 472 



Coal Fields of North America 473 



Productive Coal Fields : Eastern Canadian and New England Fields. 

 Appalachian Field. Michigan Coal Field. The Indiana-Illinois 

 Field. The Iowa-Missouri-Texas Field. 



Summary of the Pennsylvanian 475 



Iron and Oil. Duration. Other Continents. 



Permian 476 



Permian Glaciation. Permian Deserts. Igneous Activity. Appalachian 

 Deformation. Age of the Deformation. Other Continents. 



Invertebrates of the Carboniferous 480 



Protozoans. Ccelenterates and Echinoderms. Molluscoids. Mollusks. 

 Arthropods. Insects. 



Vertebrates of the Carboniferous 485 



Fishes. Amphibians. Origin of Amphibians. Rise of Amphibians. 

 Reptiles. Rise of Reptiles. 



Carboniferous Plants 491 



Ancestral Ferns and Seed Ferns. Club Mosses (Lycopods). Sphen- 

 ophylls. Horsetails (Calamites). Cordaites and Other Gymnosperms. 

 Conditions under which the Coal Plants Grew. 

 Coal ................. 499 



Mode of Occurrence. Origin of Coal. Necessary Conditions for Coal 

 Formation. How Vegetable Tissue Accumulated. How it was Kept 

 from Decay. How it was Changed to Coal and What Varieties 

 Resulted. Conditions Favoring Coal Formation in the Pennsylvanian. 

 Extent and Structure of Coal Beds. Climate during the Deposition 

 of Coal. 



Problems of the Permian 504 



Summary of the Paleozoic Era 505 



The Building of the Continents. Evolution and Extinction of Life. Cli- 

 mate. 



