398 
15. In 1795-96 several thousand * morgens" of fir vica were 
n Prussian Lithuania and West Prussia. (Hennert.) 
16. In 1796, near Amberg, in the Oberpfalz, the pine woods were so 
attacked by the pine spider, that some 100,000 cords of wood were 
killed. (V. Linker.) 
17. In 1794-97 the S vcnit eaterpilar appeared in Vogtland, 
viz.:—in the pine and fir forests of Lobenstein, Schleiz, Ebersdorf, and 
Saalburg, and worked vast destruction, so that the loss was reckoned at 
2,000,000 cords of wood, and the plague also threatened the neighbour- 
ing forests of Altenburg, Electoral Saxony, Saalfeld, and Schwaraiane 
Bechstein, in his Forest Insectology (1818), describes the great 
destruction caused by the * nonnen " caterpillar in 1794-97 in Vogt- 
land, Lithuania, and West Russia, and gives figures which correspond 
prog with our present situation. Seventy-two years ago he wrote as 
ollo 
“Tt is horrible to travel in those districts were these caterpillars 
swarm. Many thousands crawl up and down the trees. One cannot 
take a step without treading on a number of them. There i is a perpetual 
rain of their excreta, which often lies six inches dee nd being dissolved 
Sadi sickness was attributed toa kind of mildew. The. caictpiltads 
collected coed in great thick clumps, four to six inches across, the 
excreta became pale, the tetesindó dirty, and so they died, leaving behind 
them a disgusting stench 
s to the measures of prevention and suppression of that day, they 
hardly differed from those in use now. Bechstein, in 1818, recommended, 
lst. protection and encouragement of insectivorous birds i 2nd. pro- 
1796 t 
female butterflies to be sage and TY 6 kreuzers for every thousand) ; 
5th. the lighting of a number of small bonfires on dark nights (for it is 
well known that butterflies are attracted by the weis edi and er in. 
in Bayreuth in 1796 for one ne night's maintenance of fire and bringing 
wood 5 groschen ; 6th. isolation of the districts aftu by "piGdd athe 
and ditches; 7th. cutting off in March and April of the branches nearly 
to the vertical, and burning them ; 8th. cutting down of whole Umi 
trees, and burning of the branches and bark ; “Oth. removal of moss and 
litter from the forests and burning, if eggs or caterpillars are fone 
18. In connexion with the e injury caused by the “nonnen ” in this 
nen” ie 
