214 
as to Florida. We have also been particularly impressed with the value 
of wind-breaks of coniferous pen not soetad, b the Coccidæ that infest 
the Orange, both as shelter to the trees and as screens je prevent the 
spread of the Zcerya from invested aed outside the grov 
PRAYING WITH ÍNSECTICID e orange-growers “of the Pacific ' 
have aneno greatly from the sem viee and recommendations of biased or 
interested persons, who were prejudiced in favour of their own particular 
remedies, and were for a long time unwilling to profit by the results of 
thorough and careful experiments which we have for some years con- 
ducted in the East, and which are in the main embodied in Mr. Hub- 
bard’s report. A pretty thorough personal survey of the field zd 
convinced us that while the resin soaps experimented. with na Mr. Koe 
e x a valuable addition to our insecticides for the orange Cocci 
yet in the main our experience in Florida is repeated in California, aoe 
all fies more satisfactory washes have kerosene as their effective base. 
There has been, and is, however, a very great waste in applying it, and 
where from 10 to 50 or more gallons have been used on a single "tree, 
from 2 to 4 would su 
We cannot urge too aod; the fact that in the case of this Zcerya, 
as most other orange-feeding occidz, it is practically impossible, wa 
t 
. 
m indivi 
curl, bark-scale, or other shelter, will escape, and with their cond 
eny soon over the tree again if left unmolested. n 
two orthree sprayings at intervals of not more than a month are far 
preferable to any single treatment, however thorough; and this is par- 
ticularly true of the Zcerya, which occurs on so many other plants, and 
which in badly-infested groves is crawling over the ground between 
It is now the custom to use the time of a team and 2 men for 
fifteen to twenty minutes or more, and 10 gallons and upward of liquid 
on a single medium-sized tree, In this way the tree is soaked until the 
fluid rains to the ground and is lost in great pape some growers 
using sheet-iro aee plates around the base of the tree to save and re- 
use the otherwise wasted marerial. 'This is all wrong so far as the oil 
emulsion is concerned, as the oil, rising to the surface, falls from the 
leaves and wastes more proportionally than the water. 
e essence of successful spraying of the kerosene emulsion consists 
in forcing it asa mist from the heart of the tree first and the 
the periphery, allowing as little as possible to fall to the ground and 
permitting each spray particle to adhere. It is best done in the cool of 
the day, and, where possible, in oo and cloudy weather. With one 
fifth of the time and material now expended in California the spraying 
should be successfully done, so that three sprayings oi p oper intervals 
will be cheaper and far more satisfactory than only one as ordinarily 
conducted. In this particular neither Mr. Coquillett's nor Mr. Koebele’s 
iments are edipi satisfactory, as we were so far from the field 
while they were being carried on as to render any special stones Bee of 
them impossible. Both. strove e the practically impossible, viz., the 
much stronger reg "Ang. The resin compounds may doubtless be 
used to advantage in vircs B with the kerosene emulsions ; but any- 
thing which will give permanence and preventive character to the hee 
will add greatly to its value. Without going ge details as to reason 
we would therefore recommend the addi every 50 allow of the 
soap wash, made after the usual ‘i ounces 
acid. _ Though the arsenical preparations are mainly iion gt Mine: 
