REVIEWS. 111 
“Jong” and “ short” muscles. Dr. Coues alludes in several places 
to the necessity of distinguishing between single muscles or muscu- 
lar organs in different animals, and the muscular * morphological 
integers ” which really ought to be determined before any final de- 
cision can be reached respecting symmetrical homologies in the 
muscular system. He recognizes the fallacy of conclusions drawn 
from the structure of that singular animal, man, who is in one 
place described “as the only true biped; no brute has such 
shoulder-pads, no brute such buttocks.” He accepts the re- 
viewer’s suggestion* that the present flexores and eatensores carpi 
are morphologically extensores and flexores respectively. He also 
adopts the opinion of Wyman and others, that the patella is a 
** Sesamoid” bone; but he unfortunately also adopts unquestioned 
the Owenian theories of the vertebrate skull, and the morpho- 
logical position of the scapular arch, which are now to be regarded 
as doubtful, if not altogether disproven. 
We have not space here for a detailed account of the author’s 
determinations ; the result of the investigation may be given in his 
own words: “ few muscles have not been shown to have correla- 
tives in the opposite limb; of some of these now seeming to have 
none, correlatives will probably be found ; some of the correspond- 
ences here laid down are obscure or doubtful; some others are 
provisional, subject to further revision; most are demonstrably 
symmetrical, and have been demonstrated so to be.” 
We would call attention to the very apt and striking compari- 
sons often made by the author; as, for instance, when the stunted 
caudal segments are styled “larval” vertebre, and the cranial 
segments “ neural imagines.” 
But there are a few matters of general interest connected with 
these papers which ought not to pass unnoticed. First, they ap- 
pear in a strictly medical journal, and this may pave the way for 
discussions which must aid both the practitioner and the morpholo- 
gist ; for the principles of symmetry have already been shown to 
underlie many of the phenomena of disease in men and animals ; 
and there must be constantly occurring cases which will illustrate 
and confirm or correct the ideas drawn from pure anatomy. Sec- 
ond, the papers themselves evince a closeness of anatomical obser- 
vation and a logical power, which promise well for the future of 
SENS a E E E N A S a era at 
* Comparative Myology of the Chimpanzee. Bost. Sour. Nat. Hist. 1861. p- 383. 
