278 FERTILIZATION OF FLOWERS BY INSECTS. 
In much rarer instances, insects seek in the flowers neither pollen 
nor honey, but a different substance. Some Coleoptera which are 
of comparatively little importance in the fecundation of flowers, 
suck the tissues of the floral organs. In the case of a small orchid 
from Brazil, according to my brother Fritz, the lip becomes filled 
with a kind of flour. In other Brazilian flowers there are fleshy 
excrescences which the insects visiting those flowers gnaw.* A 
rest ~ short time in order to brush itself with its legs and collect vod Dn, a accu- 
mula mes ib Amirabl hani of Ped- 
icularin by means of which bees in thrusting the proboscis cae otk shies rous 
areas ape cause all the pollen to fall upon their backs, which without doubt they 
ber with great diligence. 
s the Sewers in mnortion:; far from having dispositions tending to Ea pol 
r abundance. Nor are the flowers of Salvia, Pedicularis and Iris alone in t this, , bu 
almost all those belonging to the ishinte or papilionaceous types, , which are ¢thatacter: 
f- 
ae + L 
by! g pendent. 
The flowers o I part and the pollen- 
food o that insects visiting such flowers get the saline upon their backs. 
To this type  belon ng Fa ll the plants which rum næus pirani er us, that is to 
say, act all the Labiatz, a dorsi æ, Acanthacex, Lobeliac 
e flowers of the papilionaceo s type “have re yout ition “a es ‘tool curiously in- 
verted; for we pon is ai paar lower put ana tap honey at the upper, so that insects 
e back with pollen, A large me 4 
sa sae arg of this type, which in also ital = some Polygale, Fumari 
initia vntis among IL nie - 
ae = 
Tn pont be the labiate type the anthers are guarded above wd one or more petals 
like a helmet; in those of the papilionaceous type they are guarded below by 
one or more ‘petals onset like a keel. mina (avan which is very excusable, comes 
nthers 
which instead « of keeping pollen from ‘insects rather favors giving them the whole. 
And what iy the purpose of this lagen ? eis is ‘ey very important one of protecting 
e upon t this I think i it worth amon A pass we — the fact that the ered 
of the bono and papilionaceous types are, at least in desig 
bees, flies g too í stupid to discover where the ninio and honey are, and ses Lepi- 
al), 
and thus contribute to cross fecundation. These plants, therefore, belong to aki nu- 
merous- class which I call melittophilous 
*In the flowers of Serapias there is a large, dark-purple protuberance, which I ¢ 
jecture is designed to © be attacked by some insect specially active in fecundating this 
plant. But ine eastern Liguria, w where this plant and Ss. }. cordigera aboun d, I never me 
or stigmas fecun undated. ‘But my friend Luigi Ricca, the distinguished botanist, suc- 
ceeded in in surprising a bee on S. th its head loaded 
len-masses; but he did not notice whether it gnawed the aas sase r not 
One of the , Iilictum religiosum, as I recently observed, p s in the 
centre of its Doper a group of f very juicy - erased papillæ, which ‘don p 
have seen C. aurata, stictaca and others eagerly licking the stigmatic pe re aa 
matic papillæ of "Magnolia grandiflora, of which they are the real and peculiar fecun- 
In the same way the Ceteniæ, which are the normal fecundators of Peonia montana, 
