GEOGNOSY OF THE APPALACHIANS. 461 
informs us, they appear in the mountains of the Blue Ridge. It 
remains to be seen whether the three types which we have pointed 
out in Pennsylvania are to be recognized in this region. A great 
_belt of crystalline schists extends from Virginia through North 
and South Carolina, and into eastern Tennessee, where, according 
to Safford, these rocks underlie the Potsdam. It is easy, from the 
reports of Lieber on the geology of South Carolina, to identify in 
this state the two types of the Green Mountain and White Moun- 
tain series. The former, as described by him, consists of talcose, 
chloritic and epidotic schists, with diorites, steatites, actinolite- 
rock and serpentines. It may be noted that he still adheres to the 
notion of the eruptive origin of the last three rocks, which the ob- 
servations of Emmons, Logan and myself in the Green Mountains 
have shown to be untenable. These rocks in South Carolina gen- 
erally dip at very high angles. The great gneissic area of Anderson 
and Abbeville districts is described by Lieber as consisting of fine- 
grained grey gneisses with micaceous and hornblendic schists, and 
is cut by numerous veins of pegmatite, holding garnet, tourmaline 
and beryl. These rocks, which have the characters of the White 
Mountain series, appear, from the incidental observations to be 
found in Lieber’s reports, to belong to a higher group than the 
chloritic and serpentinic series, and to dip at parame mod- 
erate angles. 
Professor Emmons, whose attention was early turned to the ge- 
ology of western New England, did not distinguish between the 
three types which we have defined, but, like Rogers in Pennsylva- 
nia, included all the crystalline rocks of that region in the prim 
system. Itis to him, however, that we owe the first correct no- 
tions of the geological nature and relations of the Green Mountains. 
These, he has remarked, are often made to include two ranges of 
hills belonging to different geological series. The eastern range, 
including the Hoosic Mountain in Massachusetts, and Mount 
Mansfield in Vermont, he referred to the primary ; which he de- 
scribed as including gneiss, mica-schist, talcose slate and horn- 
blende, with beds and veins of granite, limestone, serpentine and 
trap. He declared, moreover, that there is no clear line of de- 
marcation among the various schistose primary rocks, and cited, 
as an illustration, the passage into each other of serpentine, stea- 
tite and talcose schist. His description of the crystalline rocks of 
this range will be recognized as comprehensive and truthful. 
