688 INSTRUCTION TO SCIENCE TEACHERS. 
plant occupied the first lecture and each student was provided 
with some yeast, which was carefully examined and drawn under 
the microscope. Each student sowed some in Pasteur’s solution 
which he had himself prepared, and on the following day stu- 
died its germination. In like manner the Penicillium mould 
was studied, sections being cut through the crusts, and careful 
drawings made of mycelium, hyphee, conidia, etc. The latter were 
sown, and their development accurately observed and drawn by 
each student. A solution of hay was given to each, and the for- 
mation of a Bacterium film was studied, the form and movements 
of Bacteria were compared with the Brownian movements of gam- 
boge rubbed up in water. The structure of the higher Fungi was 
then studied in specimens of a common toad-stool, and thus a 
general notion of the morphology and life-history of the Fungi was 
obtained. Protococcus in its various stages, Palmella, and Volvox 
next formed the subjects of lectures and practical work, and from 
these simpler forms the students passed on to Spirogyra and 
Chara. In Chara the advance in cellular differentiation was noted 
by each student on specimens supplied to him, and the male and 
female reproductive bodies examined in detail, and the Anthero- 
zooids were obtained in active movement. The phenomenon of 
cyclosis was also very carefully gone over, each student compar- 
ing that of Chara with that seen in Valisneria and in the hair of the 
nettle and of Tradescantia ; drawings and descriptions being made 
and the specimens prepared by every student for himself. During 
this time a certain amount of familiarity had been obtained by 
all with the use of the microscope— not half a dozen of the class, 
be it remembered, having previously ever used the instrument at 
all, still fewer one of adequate power—and as well as the in- 
strument itself, the use of various reagents had been learnt, such 
as iodine-solution for demonstrating starch, and for delineating 
protoplasm, acetic acid, magenta-solution, ete. From Chara the 
class proceeded to the study of the Fern — the sori and sporangia 
were examined in the first place, and the general form of the fern- 
frond; then each student was provided with spores which had 
been previously allowed to germinate, of two stages of develop- 
ment, the one set with the quite young pro-embryo-like prothal- 
lium, the other more advanced exhibiting numerous archegonl! 
and pistillidia, the structure of all of which were examined and 
drawn; and in many cases active antherozooids were obtained. 
