i149 . REVIEWS. 
noticed in the caddis flies are just those characterizing the Neu- 
roptera. If we place our trunk of a caddis fly by the side of that 
of any one of the Hemerobide we shall find a much greater simi- 
larity to this family than the moths. So far as we are aware 
neuropterists have never paid sufficient attention to the parts of 
the trunk to which we have referred, just as lepidopterists have 
uniformly overlooked the characters noticed above, and which are 
of the first importance in establishing families. * 
As to the less essential characters, called secondary or adaptive 
by naturalists, we have gone as far as any onet in noticing their re- 
markable analogy to those of the Lepidoptera. But we should not 
feel authorized on this account to remove the caddis flies from the 
Neuroptera, and place them in an independent group next to the 
Lepidoptera. On the same principle we might remove the Psocide 
and place them in an independent order next the Aphide ; or re- 
move the tailed Batrachians and place them among the lizards. 
Turning to the larve, we find that their most essential characters 
ally them to the aquatic Hemerobide and Sialidæ, the larve of 
some genera closely resembling in their essential characters that 
of Corydalus; in the pupa, the limbs are as free as in those of the 
two neuropterous families Hemerobide and Sialide. While in 
the majority of lepidopterous pup the limbs are soldered to the 
body, yet where they are partially free, as in some Tineide, the 
form of the lepidopterous pupa is throughout adhered to more 
strictly than would be inferred from Mr. McLachlan’s statement. 
Our author says that the mandibles of the pupa ‘bear no rela- 
tionship to the aborted mandibles of the imago.” May we ask 
with what organs he homologizes the mandibles of the Phryganeid 
pupa, if not with those of the larva and adult? 
Taking up the points of resemblance to the Lepidoptera, brought 
forward by our author, we would agree with him that they are for 
the most part very remarkable and suggestive, but would suggest 
that they are not of much value when used as ordinal characters. 
He does not seem to notice the fact that insects of other groups 
than the Lepidoptera and Trichoptera have scales on their bodies. 
We would go farther than him and say that the scales of Lepisma. 
and we would add of all the Thysanura (except in a few scaleless 
genera) are truly homologous, rather than “ analogous” with those 
ee ae 
Be. ie 
so ry, de 2? 
y Zygenide, 
+ Synthetic Types, ete. 
