THE MAMMOTH CAVE AND ITS INHABITANTS. 753 
and the Corneale cave at Trieste. The only plant found was a 
sort of fungus, Byssus fulvus Linn. The only vertebrate is the 
singular salamander, Hypochthon (Proteus) anguinus, found in the 
Magdalina river. No shells were found. Regarding the articu- 
lates he writes : 
“ On searching along the walls within the entrance of the caves, 
among the rubbish and the vegetable debris along the sides of the 
river, we meet with a considerable number of Insecta, Myriopoda, 
` Arachnida aod Crustacea, of various families which shun daylight ; 
being such species only as inhabit promiscuously other places, 
provided they are moist and feebly illumined. We find species of 
Pterostichus, inca) chus, Amara, Psd Homalota, Omalium, 
Hister, Tricho opteryx, Crypt S a, Ptinus, Ceraphron, 
elyta, a grasshopper of the Locust family, puAN the Raphido- 
phora cavicola Fischer, as it was only seen in the larva state, Trich- 
optera, Sciara, Psychoda, Phora, Heteromyza, Sapromyza, Tomoce- 
rus, Ap Gamasus, Crypt ope Julus, and Asellus. In pro- 
portion as we recede from the entrance the number of species as 
well as individuals greatly peti and at the distance which 
entirely excludes the light, only single individuals are found. In 
the deepest recesses thes e species are entirely wanting, except 
some few which have been transported by the Ngai only a os 
Diptera are found; namely, a species of Phor ee 
culata Meig., Heteromyza flavipes Zett., and avn oe nyo 
talma Zett., extending also very far into the caves, 
remotest accessible places in Adelsberg cave, more ges half an 
hour’s walk from its entrance. Dead moths are occasionally found 
far in the caves, being left there by the bats; and likewise acci- 
dental specimens of the parasites of the latter. Of the five ear- 
lier known animals which inhabit these caves, I found Pristonycha 
elegans Dej. rather frequently, and Homalota spelea Er. in consid- 
erable numbers. Besides these are Anopthalmus Schmidtii, which 
is very rare, and the wood louse, Titanethes alba. s 
he found were a beetle (Bathys cia ae) allied to our Adelops ;* 
Stagobius troglodytes, an aberrant genus of Silphids; a Podurid, 
Anurophorus Stillicidii ; and the two blind arachnidans, one a spi- 
der allied to Dysdera, the Stalita tenaria, and a false-spider, 
thrus speleus. Among the crustacea he found Niphargus stygius, t 
* Ludwig Müller enumerates four other species 4 Pag pe ss et bog rye tude sod 
three species from France, and Macherites spelæu Ver n 
Wien, 1855, p. See also Heller’s s Béltrage zur bé österreich. Grotten-Fauna. (Myrio- 
poda "snd Crustacea.) Vienna, 1858. He describes a myriopod with rudimentary eyes 
(Trac bahia Schmidtii) allied to Glomeris, and pes blind species (Brachydesmus 
terraneus) allied to Polydesmus: also a new Tithanethes (T. graniger), and notices 
Monolistra ceca G a (1861) also found a new Ph d (Leiobunum t 
dytes) with Cy e Pag com: og four ore agp of mites in by 9 caves of East he 
. niveus, 
chyspha . See also Ehrenberg’s list of 
cave insects (Mona beberiohte der Akad. PAG ` 1861.) 
tSev eral Species of i fats occur in the wells and hot springs in Europe. Accord- 
