OF THE FAMILY COCCIDAE 33 



numerous. On the inner margin, near the apex, an apical spur (tibs) is present in 

 all the species studied. In some species, e.g. E. pda, some of the hair-like setae 

 near the apex also have a spur-like appearance. In /. theobromae the apical spur 

 on the front leg is short, about half as long as on the other tibiae. 



The tarsus (tar) is elongate; the length varies from being about 3 times longer 

 than wide (P. piceae, Text-fig. 6) to about 9 times that (Genus B, Text-fig. 33). 

 The tarsus is broadest near the base or in the middle and tapers distally. Distally 

 it articulates with the claw by means of a small dorsal process. As is the case with 

 the tibia, there are more fleshy than hair-like setae in some species and more hair- 

 like than fleshy setae in others. In Genus A the fleshy setae are completely absent 

 on the middle, hind and sometimes front tarsi, while they are sometimes absent on 

 the tarsi of E. Pfestucae. Two long, subequal, capitate tarsal digitules (tdgt) are 

 found dorsally near the apex. 



The claw (cl) is well developed, curved, pointed, with a small denticle ventrally 

 near the apex. In some species, e.g. P. myrtilli and C. hesperidum the denticle is 

 minute. Each side of the base of the claw bears a capitate ungual digitule (udgt), 

 which is usually about as long as the claw. The claws on all three legs are sub- 

 equal and they show little variation within the family. 



Most of the earlier workers give brief descriptions of the leg. The tarsal and 

 ungual digitules were already observed by Putnam (1879). 



The Abdomen 

 The abdomen is elongated, more or less parallel sided, with the posterior end 

 tapering and carrying the narrow and sclerotized genital segment. In cross section 

 it is strongly convex ventrally and only moderately so dorsally. In most of the 

 species the pregenital segments are almost completely membranous. The seg- 

 mentation is not very distinct, but it is indicated by shallow intersegmental grooves, 

 and the segmental arrangement of the setae and transverse bands of minute dermal 

 denticulations. These denticulations, which are also present in male Diaspididae 

 (Ghauri, 1962), Pseudococcidae and some female Coccoidea and Aphididae, occur 

 on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the median part of each segment. The abdomen 

 is composed of eight pregenital segments and the 9th or genital segment ; this was 

 recognized by Putnam (1879), Silvestri (1919a, 1919b, 1920), Sulc (1932), Pesson 

 (1941), Borchsenius (1957), Theron (1958) and Bustshik & Saakjan-Baranova (1962). 



Pregenital Segments 



The 1st segment is developed dorsally and pleurally, but not ventrally ; the other 

 segments are complete. The sclerotization of the abdomen varies considerably 

 within the family. Where it is most fully developed, as in E. tiliae, N. abietis, 

 P. piceae, P. myrtilli and L. luzulae (Text-figs. 2, 4, 6, 12, 27) tergal and sternal 

 plates are found on all the abdominal segments. In other species (P. bituberculatum, 

 F. viburni, Ctenochiton sp., Eriopeltis spp., /. theobromae and P. Pbetulae ; Text-figs. 

 10, 14, 16, 24 & 26, 29, 35) sternites are present on all the segments, but tergites 

 are absent on one or more of the middle segments and in the remaining species both 

 tergites and sternites are absent on these segments. 



