54 



MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF ADULT MALES 



with 2-8 (average 4-8) f.s. of medium length, 1-3-1-7 (average 1-5) times as long as width of 

 segment ; with 1-2 usual sensilla basiconica. Segments IV-IX cylindrical ; lengths of these 

 segments (in jx) 87-122 (average 109), 195-125 (average 118), 91-114 (average 101), 80-110 

 (average 100), 65-91 (average 76) and 57-76 (average 68) respectively, width varying form 17 to 

 23 [i., with distal segments wider than proximal ones ; with 12-19 (average 15), 15-22 (average 

 18), 12-19 (average 15), 15-20 (average 16), 11-19 (average 14) and 11-14 (average 13) f.s. respec- 

 tively, but no h.s. ; antennal bristles on segments VIII and IX not markedly different from 

 f.s., sometimes somewhat thicker. Segment X : terminal part not constricted ; 53-78 (average 

 70) [i. long and 19-23 (average 21) pi wide ; carrying 4-1 1 (average 8-6) f.s., 3 capitate subapical 

 setae and 5 antennal bristles of which the 3 long ones are about half as long as the segment and 

 the 2 shorter ones equal to or somewhat shorter than the f.s. ; with 2 sensilla basiconica 

 ventrally, one near apex and the other more proximal. 



Thorax 445-517 (average 497) \x long. 



Prothorax. Pronotal ridge strong, but medially interrupted by weak sclerotization. Lateral 

 pronotal sclerites medium-sized, without setae. Medial pronotal setae : 2 small h.s., situated 

 close together on the median line. Post-tergites very small and weakly sclerotized, without 

 striations and without setae. Pleural structures typical of family. Sternum with strong 

 transverse ridge, median ridge reduced to a basal stalk or sometimes absent, and a triangular 

 sclerite. Anteprosternal setae absent ; prosternal setae : occasionally one h.s. present. 



Mesothorax. Mesoprephragma with shallow emargination. Prescutum about twice as wide 

 as long (average 145 and 74 \l respectively) ; anterior margin curved ; laterally bounded by 

 the prescutal ridges and posteriorly by the prescutal suture ; weakly irregularly reticulated ; 

 with a median ridge extending for some distance anteriorly from the prescutal suture. Scutum. 

 Median membranous area subrectangular ; 76-91 (average 82) y. long and 1-47-1-75 (average 

 1-57) times as wide (width 1 18-137, average 128) ; with 1-4 (average 2-7) h.s. Scutellum 

 57-68 (average 63) [j. long and 118-133 (average 127) [i wide, ratio being 1 : 1-9-2-2 (average 

 2) ; not tubular ; occasionally with one or two h.s. Postnotum with anterior margin irregular 

 and partly overlapped by the metathoracic fold ; postnotal apophysis and postalare well 

 developed, the latter densely reticulated distally. Mesopostphragma with deep emargination. 

 Mesopleuron. Mesopleural ridge strong, but interrupted above coxal articulation ; pleural 

 apophysis and pleural wing process well developed, the latter connected with episternum by 

 narrow basalare. Subalare small. Episternum not reticulated ; subepisternal ridge well 

 developed, but below membranous cleft indistinct and only marked by a band of dark sclero- 

 tization. Epimeron small. Later opleurite anteriorly bounded by an extension from marginal 

 ridge. Basisternum large, about 199 \i wide and 148 [i long, i.e. 1-7-2-1 (average i-8) times 

 longer than membranous area of scutum ; with strong median ridge and bounded by strong 

 marginal and precoxal ridges ; without setae. Furca well developed. Mesothoracic spiracle 

 with well developed peritreme ; postmesospiracular setae absent. Tegula small, membranous 

 bulge with a small weak sclerite posteriorly and 4-7 (average 5) h.s. Third axillary wing sclerite 

 with a pronounced ventral projection at its base. Additional sclerite well defined. Antemeta- 

 spiracular setae absent. 



Fig. 11. Palaeolecanium bituberculatum (Targ.), lateral view. 



