OF THE FAMILY COCCIDAE 27 



The small, meniscate tegula (teg) is situated far anterior to the wing base, from 

 which it is separated by a large membranous bulge. This bulge carries a small, 

 weak sclerite posteriorly and in some cases (e.g. the ERIOPELTIS group) it is 

 weakly reticulated. The first axillary sclerite (Text-figs. 1 ; 18, N ; ax x ) is triangular 

 in shape and its mesal edge lies against the lateral margin of the scutum just behind 

 the anterior notal wing process. The anterior part of the sclerite is drawn out into a 

 slender arm, which curves round the anterior apex of the second axillary sclerite and 

 articulates with the costal complex of wing veins. The posterolateral part of the 

 sclerite articulates with the second axillary sclerite. The first axillary sclerite 

 rather closely resembles those of the more primitive Coccoidea described by Theron 

 (1958). The second axillary sclerite (Text-figs. 1 ; 18, N ; ax 2 ) is elongate, slightly 

 curved, with both the anterior and posterior apices acute. The anterior part articu- 

 lates with the first axillary and the posterior apex with the third axillary sclerite. 

 Apparently it also articulates with the subalare which lies directly below it. The 

 structure of the third axillary sclerite (Text-figs. 1 ; 18, N ; ax 3 ) is more complex 

 and it shows some variation in the species studied. The distal, somewhat triangular 

 part articulates anteriorly with the posterior apex of the second axillary while its 

 posterior margin is confluent with the hind margin of the wing. Mesally this plate 

 extends into a narrow arm which is twisted in such a way that the plane changes 

 from horizontal to vertical (Text-fig. 18, O) ; this arm has an anterior, scoop-like 

 extension which is attached to a process on the postalare by means of a tiny axillary 

 cord. In some species (e.g. ERIOPELTIS group, C. hesperidum, Parthenolecanium 

 spp.; Text-figs. 24, 26, 27 and 31, 38, 29 ; I) this anterior extension is very small or 

 absent. The additional sclerite (asc) is situated at the base of the wing immediately 

 distal to the second and third axillary sclerites, but does not articulate with them. 

 It is weakly sclerotized and irregularly elongate. As suggested earlier (Giliomee, 

 1961) this structure may represent the second median sclerite, defined by Snodgrass 

 (1935)- 



The costal complex of wing veins will be discussed later. 



Chaetotaxy. Both fleshy and hair-like setae may occur on the mesothorax. 

 Setae are found on the scutum, scutellum, tegular bulge, the membrane anterior to 

 the basisternum and episternum, and on the basisternum itself. No setae were 

 found on the prescutum. 



(i) The scutal setae (sctse) are scattered over the median membranous area of the 

 scutum. In some species (Ceroplastodes chiton Green, and sometimes in E. Pfestucae) 

 they also extend beyond the posterolateral corner of the membranous area to occur 

 on the sclerotized parts. In a number of species (INGLISIA group and most species 

 of the COCCUS group) the scutal setae comprise both fleshy and hair-like setae in 

 various proportions, but usually in fair numbers (e.g. 10-32, average 24 fleshy setae 

 in C. hesperidum and 14-22, average 18 hair-like setae in Genus B). In the other 

 species the scutal setae are either absent (E. tiliae, N. abietis, P. piceae, R. spiraeae 

 and E. pela) or consist of hair-like setae only ; the hair-like setae may be few (up to 

 4) in some species (P. bituberculatum, P. myrtilli, S. prunastri) and numerous (up to 

 30) in others (e.g. Pulvinaria spp.). 



