12 MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF ADULT MALES 



In the present investigation it was possible, by studying a more representative 

 sample (23 species), to substantiate Theron's findings, to record a number of 

 characters which have hitherto been unknown or overlooked, and to gain information 

 on the range of variation within the family. In the general description of the 

 morphology of male Coccidae that follows, Theron's terminologv is followed except 

 where otherwise stated ; the account is illustrated by a generalized figure (Text- 

 fig. 1) and all abbreviations in brackets refer to this figure, unless otherwise indicated. 



General Characteristics 



Compared with other Coccoidea, the males of the Coccidae are medium-sized, 

 being smaller than the Margarodidae and larger than the Diaspididae. Among 

 the species studied the smallest was L. luzulae (1020-1290, average 1141 \l long) 

 and the largest E. pela (2500-3100, average 2864 jj. long) ; L. luzulae had the shortest 

 wing-span (2090-2350, average 2213 \l) and E. pela the longest (5330-5700, average 

 55°3 V-)- Some species are slender in appearance (e.g. C. hesperidum) while others 

 are rather robust (e.g. Ceroplastes spp.). 



The body colour of living specimens varies from light reddish brown (E. festucae) 

 to purplish (P. bituberculatum) ; the sclerotized areas are darker, brown to black, 

 and the legs and the antennae yellowish ; the wings are hyaline, often with a 

 purplish tinge between anterior margin and first wing vein. 



In some species (e.g. the COCCUS group, Text-figs. 31-43) the head carries 

 numerous setae, which give it a hairy " appearance ; when the setae are few in 

 number (the EULECANIUM group, Text-figs. 2-23) the head looks rather bare. 



The body is divided into the head, thorax and abdomen ; the head is separated 

 from the thorax by a distinctly constricted " neck ", characteristic of the Coccidae 

 and Pseudococcidae. 



The head (Text-fig. iB, C) is irregular in shape, generally wide near the base 

 dorsally, and narrowed anteriorly and ventrally. In dorsal view it is somewhat 

 cone-shaped, broad and rounded posteriorly, with a tapering, more or less pro- 

 truding apex. In lateral view the antero ventral surface slopes backwards towards 

 the conspicuous, conical, medioventral bulge, which carries a pair of ventral eyes. 

 The head is comparatively well sclerotized, with fewer and less developed secondary 

 ridges than in the Diaspididae (see Ghauri, 1962) ; it carries 2-5 pairs of simple 

 eyes and a pair of lateral ocelli. Mouth parts are absent, but an oval, non-functional 

 mouth opening is present behind the medioventral bulge. The antennae are long, 

 filiform and ten-segmented. 



Thorax. The prothorax is considerably desclerotized, with a few more or less 

 developed ridges and small sclerites. The mesothorax is well developed, sclerotized 

 and with strong supporting ridges ; prescutum, scutum, scutellum and postnotum 

 are all distinct, the latter curving down into the metathoracic cavity ; pleural 

 sclerites are well developed, the pleural ridge strong ; basisternum large and usually 

 with a median ridge. The fore wings are well developed, with two veins. The 

 hind pair is reduced to halteres or absent ; when present each haltere has 1-4, 

 apically hooked setae. The legs are long and slender with a one-segmented tarsus 

 and a single claw. The meso- and metathorax each carry a spiracle laterally. 



