4 MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF ADULT MALES 



SYNOPSIS 



The males of 23 species (representing 19 genera) of the family Coccidae have been described 

 and illustrated in detail and a general account of the external morphology of male Coccidae is 

 given. A number of structures present in other male Coccoidea but not hitherto observed in 

 the Coccidae have been recorded. The relationships of the lecanoid type of male with the 

 margaroid and diaspidoid types have been discussed and the males of two families of the lecanoid 

 type (Coccidae and Pseudococcidae) have been compared with each other. Within the Coccidae 

 the males were often found to reveal different relationships from the female and a classification 

 is suggested which differs from the classifications based on female characters. The results of 

 this study is in accordance with recent discoveries that the characters of the male are valid at 

 all taxonomic levels, including genera and species. Detailed keys to groups of genera, genera 

 and species have been provided. 



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 



I Would like to express my gratitude to Dr. K. Boratynski for suggesting the 

 problem and supervising the work, Mr. R. G. Davies for advice and constructive 

 criticism, and Prof. O. W. Richards, F.R.S. for providing facilities at the Imperial 

 College of Science and Technology, London. I also wish to thank Dr. D. J. Williams, 

 Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London and Mr. G. De Lotto, Plant Pro- 

 tection Research Institute, Pretoria, who supplied and identified some of the mater- 

 ial, and the large number of other workers who so generously made material avail- 

 able for this study. They are : Prof. N. S. Borchsenius, Zoological Institute, 

 Academy of Sciences, Leningrad ; Dr. J. M. Cherret, University College of North 

 Wales, Bangor, Wales ; Dr. M. S. K. Ghauri, Commonwealth Institute of Entom- 

 ology, London ; Prof. M. Kosztarab, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, 

 Virginia ; Prof. Z. Kawecki, Agricultural University, Warsaw ; Dr. G. Matesova, 

 Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences, Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan ; Ing. Mitic- 

 Muzina, Institute for Plant Protection, Belgrade ; Mr. J. Munting, Plant Protect- 

 ion Research Institute, Pretoria ; Dr. J. Rehacek, Virological Institute, Bratislava ; 

 Dr. J. G. Theron, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch. 



I am also indebted to the Trustees of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) for per- 

 mission to study material in their collection. 



Finally, I wish to thank the authorities of the Commonwealth Scholarship and 

 Fellowship Plan for financial assistance, and the University of Stellenbosch and the 

 Government of the Republic of South Africa for granting me leave to undertake this 

 study. 



INTRODUCTION 



As far as the Coccidae are concerned it is true to say that this large and important 

 family is still very inadequately known, especially as regards the interrelationships 

 of its members. This is partly due to the fact that satisfactory preparations of the 

 adult females can usually only be obtained from freshly moulted specimens, which 

 are seldom available ; preparations of the old, frequently heavily sclerotized females 

 show only a very limited number of characters and the identity of many species 

 described from such specimens is uncertain. A few workers (Steinweden, 1929 ; 

 Sulc, 1941 ; Bodenheimer, 1953) indicated the close relationship of a small number 



