OV THE FAMILY COCCIDAE 125 



Material examined : 10 specimens, collected by J. Munting on Milletia sp. in 

 Umkomaas, South Africa, on 7.H.62 ; no adult females present with the males ; 

 nearbv females of Ceroplastes Pmimosae Hall occurred on Abaris sp. ; identification 

 by D. J. Williams. 



This species differs from C. berliniae in having coxal bristles on the fore coxa, 

 and a shorter aedeagus (measured, for example, against the basal rod or the penial 

 sheath) and also in a number of less striking characters, e.g. in the presence of a 

 vestigial dorsal part of the midcranial ridge, and in the number of f.s. between and 

 behind the eyes, on antennal segment IV and ventrally on abdominal segment \ II. 



DISCUSSION 



The present study of male Coccidae has revealed a number of interesting facts 

 concerning the taxonomy of this family, including its relationships with other mem- 

 bers of the superfamily Coccoidea. Unlike the other larger families of the Coccoidea, 

 such as the Diaspididae or even Pseudococcidae, our know ledge of the intra-family 

 relationship of various forms included in the family Coccidae is very limited. Only 

 very few workers have attempted to classify this large family on the basis of the 

 customary female characters. Steinweden (1929) grouped a small number of 

 genera around each of the three genera Coccus L., Toumeyclla Ckll., and Exaerotopus 

 Newst., but left most of the genera studied by him as " ungroupable " ; Sulc (1941) 

 formed the tribe Eriopeltini to include the three genera Eriopeltis, Scythia and 

 Mohelnia (the latter is now regarded as being synonomous with Scythia (Borchsenius, 

 1957)). Bodenheimer (1953) divided the Coccidae of Turkey into four subfamilies, 

 i.e. the Coccinae (including Coccus, Eulecanium, Sphaerolecanium, Saisselia, Pul- 

 vinaria and Paralecanopsis), Filippiinae (including FUippia and Euphilippia) and 

 the Ceroplastinae and Eriopeltinae which include Ceroplastes and Eriopeltis res- 

 pectively. The only relatively comprehensive classification, based on a com- 

 paratively large number of genera (37) is that of Borchsenius (1957), who divided 

 the family into three subfamilies, the Filippiinae, Coccinae and Ceroplastinae, 

 the Coccinae being further subdivided into two tribes, the Coccini and Pulvinariini. 

 This classification is mainly based on a few characters of the adult female and 

 particular emphasis is put on the way in which the body and eggs are covered. 



The male material, 19 genera (23 species) used in the present investigation, in- 

 cluded 14 of the 37 genera on which Borchsenius based his classification, representing 

 all his subfamilies and tribes. On an examination of the characters of the males it 

 was immediately apparent that they exhibit entirely different relationships, which 

 do not conform with the division of the family suggested by Borchsenius. A fresh 

 approach was therefore necessary. The large number of characters available (listed 

 in Table I) made some quantitative evaluation of these relationships possible, but 

 detailed statistical analyses such as mentioned by Sneath and Sokal (1962) and 

 fully discussed very recently in their book on numerical taxonomy (Sokal and 

 Sneath, 1963) are beyond the scope of the present work. Therefore genera which 

 appeared to resemble each other, especially in sharing distinct features such as 

 prominent caudal extensions, an interocular ridge, a head with a pronounced 



