146 MORPHOLOGY AND TAXONOMY OF ADULT MALES 



It will be remembered that Borchsenius based his classification on a few characters 

 of the adult female, with considerable emphasis on the way in which the body and 

 the eggs are protected. In his subfamily Filippiinae, Borchsenius included the 

 three genera Luzulaspis, Eriopeltis and Filippia. From the male characters it is 

 clear that whereas Luzulaspis and Eriopeltis are very closely related (sharing about 

 90 characters) they differ from Filippia in a number of striking features (and share 

 only about 55 characters), e.g. the shape of the head, the number of eyes, the 

 presence or absence of the interocular and preoral ridges, the shape of the wing, and 

 in the presence or absence of fleshy ventral head setae and fleshy abdominal setae. 

 On the other hand, Filippia shares up to 80 characters with some of the other 

 genera of the EULECANIUM group, e.g. Ctenochiton and Palaeolecanium. It 

 is therefore clear that Filippia and Eriopeltis are not closely related, a conclusion 

 which supports the views of Bodenheimer (1953), who put them into different 

 subfamilies. 



In his tribe Pulvinariini Borchsenius included, among others, the two genera 

 Pulvinaria and Phyllostroma. The males of these two genera, however, are widely 

 different and have only a comparatively small number of characters (about 50) in 

 common. Some of the more striking differences are found in the number of eyes, 

 the condition of the scutellum and basalare, the development of the metathorax, 

 the condition of the caudal extensions of abdominal segments VII— VIII, and in 

 the chaetotaxy of the head and abdomen. Phyllostroma shares about 80 characters 

 with some members of the EULECANIUM group (e.g. P. bituberculatum) and 

 Pulvinaria about 90 characters with the genera of the COCCUS group. 



On the other hand males of some genera which were widely separated by Borch- 

 senius indicate close relationships. Thus Borchsenius considered the genera 

 Pulvinaria and Coccus to represent two tribes of one subfamily and Ceroplastes a 

 different subfamily altogether. As discussed earlier the males of these three genera 

 are very similar and belong to the same group. The close relationship between 

 Pulvinaria and Coccus has also been indicated by Steinweden (1959) and Boden- 

 heimer (1953), who grouped them together into the same taxon. Both workers 

 considered Ceroplastes to be distinctly different from Coccus and Pulvinaria. 



Further detailed studies are needed on both males and females to show if these 

 differences in classification of the two sexes illustrate the dependance of the 

 grouping on the stage (or selection of characters) as found by Morrison (1928) in 

 his studies of various stages of the Margarodidae, or reflect the inadequate know- 

 ledge of the females of the family, and finally which, if any, of the two classifications 

 reflects the true relationships. 



Genera. 



In Table 3 the characters are tabulated which were found to be useful in separating 

 genera in at least one of the three groups for which more than one genus were 

 available. These characters are marked " G " in the columns where they operate ; 

 where they only operate at the specific level in any of the remaining groups they are 

 marked " S ", while the symbols " GS " are used where the characters can ap- 



