262 



H. STEMPFFER 



Male genitalia (Text-fig. 227) (see also Chapman, 1910, pi. 59, fig. 36 and pi. 60, fig. 39): 

 uncus composed of two small lobes with rounded apices, tightly fused to the tegumen on either 

 side of the shallow median depression of its posterior margin ; subunci rather short, curved, 

 about the same diameter from base to blunt apex, no terminal hook ; tegumen large ; lower 

 fultura forked with two slender prongs ; valves oblong, the distal portion digitate, bent up- 

 wards, apex rounded, a row of fine spines on the distal edge ; valves attached below not only 

 by their base, but also by an expansion of the upper process ; penis elongate, swollen at its 

 base, the external portion short ; vesica with numerous spines ; uncal lobes and lower edge of 

 valves with long hairs. 



The male genitalia of lucida (see Chapman, 1910, pi. 60, fig. 40) are similar to those 

 of atrigemmata, differing by the serrated lower edges of the valves, the penis shorter 

 and more swollen at its base. I have not been able to examine the type of Zizera 

 drucei Bethune Baker, but I believe it to be the Madagascan race of lucida. A 

 specimen from Madagascar which I dissected has an armature similar to that of 

 lucida. In the genitalia of stellata Chapman 1910, (fig. 38) the uncal lobes are more 

 elongate, the subunci longer and more slender, the distal portion of the valve less 

 curved, the apical edge smooth, the penis much longer but less swollen at its base. 



I do not think there is any real relationship between Actizera and the Zizeerinae, 

 i.e. Zizeeria and Zizina. The only characters they have in common are their small 

 size and a certain external similarity. The presence of a white streak on the under- 

 side of the hind wings gives no valid information as to their relationship ; this 

 character cannot have any systematic value as it varies in species of the same genus, 

 and even in specimens of the same species, as for example, in the palaearctic genus 

 Agrodiaetus. 



The geographical distribution of Actizera (Madagascar, South and East Africa) is 

 much less extensive than that of Zizeeria ; maybe Actizera is a branch of the 

 holarctic Glaucopsychinae in the Ethiopian fauna. Chapman included in Actizera 

 the species described by Herrich Schaeffer as Lycaena panagaea, of Asia Minor, a 

 species now generally assigned to the genus Turanana (Glaucopsychinae). 



The caterpillar of A. lucida has been observed by E. C. G. Pinhey (1949 : 122). 



Fig. 227. Actizera atrigemmata (Butler), o* genitalia. 



