GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 69 



without a type-species and Papilio epulus was one of the species figured in it as belonging to 

 the genus Lemonias. In all, there are five plates pis [35H39] of Lemonias species in the 

 above work, that showing Papilio epulus being pi. [38]. At that time all that was known 

 regarding the date or dates of publication of the plates in volume 1 of the Samml. exot. Schmett. 

 was that they had been issued during the period 1806-1819, the new names on all of them 

 ranking therefore from the end of 18 19. On this basis all five of the Lemonias plates ranked 

 from the same date for the purposes of priority. Papilio epulus ranked on this basis as one of 

 the originally included species of the genus Lemonias. Accordingly, in order to provide 

 a generic name for the species formerly incorrectly known by the generic name Hamearis, I 

 then selected Lemonias epulus Cramer (1933, Entomologist 66 : 223) to be the type-species of 

 Lemonias Hiibner. Unfortunately, the settlement so devised was short-lived, for the dis- 

 covery soon afterwards of the Hiibner manuscripts showed that the plates of the Sammlung 

 depicting species referred by Hiibner to the genus Lemonias were published on different dates, 

 that the first plate to be published was pi. [35] [1807] containing figures of what was then a 

 new species, Lemonias zygia, and that the plate (pi. [38]) figuring Papilio epulus Cramer, did 

 not appear until some time in 181 2 (see Hemming, Hiibner 1 : 401-402). In these circum- 

 stances Papilio epulus was seen not to be one of the originally included species of the genus 

 Lemonias and my selection of that species as the type-species of that genus accordingly fell to 

 the ground. Further, the species now seen to be the type-species of Lemonias is considered 

 on taxonomic grounds to belong to a genus far removed from Papilio epulus. At this point it 

 became apparent that there was no genus bearing a nomenclatorially available name to which 

 the species Papilio epulus could be referred. 1 1 was at this stage that I came to the conclusion 

 that the introduction of a new name was inevitable, and I accordingly then established the 

 genus Andre, designating Papilio epulus as its type-species. 



AUGIADES Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 112. Type-species by selection by 

 Butler (1870, Ent. mon. Mag. 7 : 58) : Papilio crinisus Cramer, [1780], Uitl. Kapellen 

 4 (25) : 20, pi. 300, figs G, H. 



This generic name was misused for a long period through the action of Scudder in 1872 

 (^th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 79) when he rejected Butler's prior selection of Papilio 

 crinisus — in accordance with the so-called principle of elimination (discussed above in the 

 portion of the note on the name Andre Hemming, where it is explained how a similar situation 

 of confusion arose through the rejection by Scudder of the earliest (and perfectly valid) type- 

 selection made for the genus Hamearis Hiibner). In the present case, after rejecting the 

 type-selection made by Butler, Scudder went on to select Papilio sylvanus Esper, [1777] 

 (Die Schmett. 1 (6) : pi. 36, fig. 1 $ ; id., [1779], ibid. 1 (9) : 343). 



Scudder's mistake could hardly have been more unfortunate, for it led to the use of the 

 name Augiades for a holarctic genus of Hesperiine Skippers instead of for the purely Neotropi- 

 cal group of Pyrgine Skippers to which it properly applies. I drew attention to this mistake 

 in 1934 (Gen. Names hoi. Butts 1 : 160) and expressed the view that Papilio sylvanus and its 

 allies in the Palaearctic Region could properly be united on taxonomic ground with their 

 Nearctic relatives by being placed in the genus Ochlodes Scudder, 1872 (of which Hesperia 

 nemorum Boisduval, 1852, is the type-species). This arrangement was suggested to me by 

 Evans who later re-characterized both Augiades and Ochlodes, listing the species which he 

 considered referable to each Evans, 1949, Cat. Hesp. Eur. Asia Austr. Brit. Mus. : 350-357 

 (Palaearctic Ochlodes) ; id., 1955, Cat. Amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 301, 341-343 (Nearctic 

 Ochlodes) ; id., 1952, Cat. Amer. Hesp. 2 : 5, 6, 27-28 (Augiades, exclusively Neotropical). 



AULOCERA Butler, 1867, Ent. mon. Mag. 4 : 121. Type-species by selection by Butler 

 (Feb. 1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4 : 194) : Satyrus brahminus Blanchard, [1844], in Jacquemont, 

 Voy. Inde 4 (Zool.) : 22 (descr. of <$ nee " $ ", pi. 2, fig. 4 <J, nee 6 " $ "]. 



Blanchard confused two species in his description of his Satyrus brahminus . His " o* " was 

 the new species which he was then describing, but his so-called " $ " belonged to a different, 

 though allied, species named at almost exactly the same time, namely Satyrus swaha Kollar, 

 [1844]. 



