98 FRANCIS HEMMING 



by Illiger in an anonymous paper published in December 1807 with priority slightly above 

 that of the corresponding well-known nominal genera with homonymous names established by 

 Fabricius in the Mag. f. Insektenk. of Illiger. In order to avoid the confusion consequent 

 upon type-changing which would otherwise have been involved, the Commission in its Opinion 

 232 (1954, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 4 : 249-274) used its Plenary Powers to suppress all 

 these Illigerian names of 1807. As part of this decision, the name Castnia [Illiger], so sup- 

 pressed, was then placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in 

 Zoology as Name No. 39. 



CASTNIA Fabricius, 1807, Mag. f. Insektenk. (Illiger) 6 : 280. Type-species by selection by 

 Latreille (1810, Consid. gen. Anim. Crust. Arachn. Ins. : 440, 357) : Papilio icarus Cramer, 

 [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (2) : 26, pi. 18, figs A, B. 



Like Castnia [Illiger], 1807, discussed above, the nominal genus Castnia Fabricius was 

 established in the erroneous belief that it was a genus of butterflies, whereas it is, in fact, a 

 genus of moths. By a Ruling given in Opinion 232 (1954, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 

 4 : 249-274), the name Castnia Fabricius was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in 

 Zoology as Name No. 659. 



Besides having been established as a genus of butterflies the genus Castnia Fabricius has an 

 interest to specialists in the Rhopalocera, because the name of its type-species [Papilio icarus 

 Cramer, [1775]) is a homonym of the name of the type-species [Papilio icarus Rottemburg, 

 1775) of the Lycaenid genus Polyommatus Latreille, 1804. The fact that there was no avail- 

 able means for determining the relative priority of the specific names icarus Cramer and icarus 

 Rottemburg was for long a source of embarrassment to specialists in the groups concerned. 

 Similar difficulties existed also in the case of a considerable number of other pairs of names 

 published in 1775 in the works not only of Cramer and von Rottemburg but also in those of 

 Fabricius and others. In order that an end might be put to these uncertainties, this matter 

 was submitted to the Commission which in its Opinion 516 (1958, Opin. int. Comm. zool. 

 Nom. 19 : 1-44) gave directions under its Plenary Powers as to the relative precedence to 

 be accorded to new names in these works published in the year 1775. Of the decisions so 

 taken the one which is immediately relevant to the present case was that under which names 

 published in Cramer's Uitl. Kapellen were given precedence below those in Rottemburg's 

 celebrated paper in the serial Der Naturforscher. Thus, the name Papilio icarus Cramer, 

 [1775], the name of the type-species of Castnia Fabricius is invalid as a junior homonym of 

 Papilio icarus Rottemburg, 1775. Following the adoption of the above Opinion, the Commis- 

 sion adopted a Direction [Direction 96, published in 1958 in Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 

 19 : (i)-(xiv), in which it placed the objectively invalid name icarus Cramer [1775], as pub- 

 lished in the combination Papilio icarus, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Specific 

 Names in Zoology as Name No. 520. At the same time consideration was given (1958, 

 loc. cit. 19 : (ix)) to the question of the oldest available name subjectively applicable to 

 the type-species of Castnia Fabricius, this having become a practical question in view of 

 the decision that the name Papilio icarus Cramer, objectively applicable to it had been 

 ruled to be invalid. The conclusion then reached was that the oldest name subjectively 

 applicable to this species was Castnia penelope Schaufuss, 1870 [Nunqu. otios. 1:9). Accord- 

 ingly, in order to complete this case the Commission [loc. cit. 19 : (iii)-(iv)) placed the specific 

 name penelope Schaufuss, 1870, as published in the combination Castnia penelope, on the 

 Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as Name No. 1516. 



CASTNIUS Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmelt. (7) : 102 (an Unjustified Emendation of 

 Castnia Fabricius, 1807). 



Castnia Fabricius is an Unjustified Emendation of Castnius a genus of moths mistakenly 

 regarded by its original author as a genus of butterflies. 



CASYAPA Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 576. Type-species through Section (i) (replace- 

 ment names) of Article 67 ; Chaetocneme corvus Felder (C), i860, S.B. Akad. Wiss. Wien 40: 

 640. 



