164 FRANCIS HEMMING 



EPINEPHELE Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (4) : 59. Type-species by selection by 

 Butler (1868, Ent. mon. Mag. 4 : 194) : Papilio janira Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 475. 



On the same page ( : 475) as that on which the name Papilio janira was first published, 

 Linnaeus published also the name Papilio jurtina, which systematists are agreed applies to the 

 female of the species to the male of which Linnaeus had given the name janira. On the basis 

 of this subjective synonymy, the question arose which of these names should be used as the 

 name for the species in question and which should be sunk as a junior subjective synonym or 

 treated as the name of a different subspecies of the same species. Both these names have been 

 extensively used as the specific name for the collective species; the name ianira was predomin- 

 antly so employed for about a hundred years but in the last third of the XlXth century the 

 so-called principle of page precedence began to attract an increasing number of adherents 

 with the result that the name janira was widely displaced by the name jurtina Linnaeus, 

 Species No. 104, as contrasted with janira which was his Species No. 106. Throughout the 

 XlXth century the name jurtina was used to the virtual exclusion of the name janira. This 

 matter was re-examined by myself shortly after the Copenhagen Congress of 1953, when the 

 First Reviser principle was definitely adopted, my purpose being to ascertain who had been the 

 First Reviser in this case and when and where that First Reviser choice had been made. 

 This investigation showed that a definite First Reviser choice of janira as a name to take 

 precedence over the name jurtina had been made by Fabricius as early as 1778 {Mantissa Ins. 

 2 : 44). Thus, under the Code the specific name janira was due to replace the name jurtina, 

 thereby overthrowing the practice of the previous eighty years. 



The prospect of confusion arising from this pointless piece of name-changing was considered 

 so objectionable that it was decided to seek the assistance of the Commission. The applica- 

 tion so agreed upon was submitted to the Commission in June 1956 and was published in 

 October of the same year (Hemming, 1956, Bull. zool. Nom. 12 : 279-286). In this application 

 the Commission was asked to give directions under its Plenary Powers that the specific name 

 jurtina Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Papilio jurtina, was to be accorded 

 precedence over the name janira Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the combination Papilio 

 janira. This application was approved by the Commission which promulgated its decision 

 in its Opinion 506 (1958, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 18 : 177-196). In this Opinion the specific 

 name jurtina Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the above combination and endorsed as a name 

 having precedence over the name janira Linnaeus, 1758, also published in combination with 

 the generic name Papilio, was placed on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology as 

 Name No. 1492. On the same Official List the name janira Linnaeus, 1758, as published in the 

 combination Papilio janira, endorsed as a name taking precedence below the name jurtina 

 Linnaeus, 1758, as published in combination with the same generic name, was also placed, 

 with the Name No. 1493. 



Thus, on the basis of the subjective identification of the nominal species discussed above the 

 oldest available name subjectively applicable to the type-species of the genus Epinephele 

 Hiibner is Papilio jurtina Linnaeus, 1758. 



EPINEPHILA Stephens, 1850, Cat. Spec. Brit. Anim. Brit. Mus. 5 (Lepidoptera) : 7 (an In- 

 correct Subsequent Spelling of Epinephele Hiibner, [1819]). 



EPINEPHILE Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 76 (an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of 

 Epinephele Hiibner, [18 19]). 



EPINOSIS Schause, 1913, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1913 (3) : 366. Type-species by original 

 designation : Pamphila angularis Moschler, 1876, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 28 : 335. 



EPIPHILE Doubleday, 1844, List. Spec lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1 : 90. Type-species by selection 



by Scudder (1875, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 165) : Temenis orea Hiibner, 



[1823], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : pi. [30]. 

 EPIPHILE Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lipid. Guatemala : 40. Type-species by selection by 



Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 27) : Epiphile epicaste Hewitson, [1857], 



III. exot. Butts 2 : [47], pi. [24], figs 3, 4. 



