210 FRANCIS HEMMING 



established nominal species as belonging to it. He did however, enter under Helias 

 the manuscript specific name phalaenoides. Thereafter, this name was unnoticed until 

 in 1862 (Wien. ent. Monats. 6 : 186-187) it was revived by Cajetan & Rudolf Felder who 

 expressed the view that it ought to be brought into use and who thereupon placed in it a con- 

 siderable number of nominal species, one of which was Urbanus phalaenoides Hiibner, [1812]; 

 this species was selected as type-species by Butler in 1870. Thus, ultimately, the species 

 which Fabricius no doubt had in mind, when on establishing the genus Helias he cited the 

 manuscript specific name phalaenoides became the type-species of Helias. 



HELICODES Doubleday, 1844, List Spec. lep. Ins. Brit. Mus. 1 : 112. Type-species by mono- 

 typy : Papilio hippona Fabricius, 1777, Gen. Ins. : 265. 



The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio hippona Fabricius is currently treated 

 subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-estab- 

 lished nominal species Papilio fabius Cramer, [1776], Uill. Kapellen 1 (8) : 141, pi. 90, 

 figs C, D. Formerly, the name hippona Fabricius was commonly used in place of fabius 

 Cramer in the erroneous belief that it was the older of the two names. 



HELICODES Boisduval, 1870, Consid. Lipid. Guatemala : 49. Type-species by monotypy : 

 Papilio fabius Cramer, [1776], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (8) : 141, pi. 90, figs C, D. 



The name Helicodes was published by Boisduval in 1870 as a new name of his own and no 

 doubt it was he who first devised this name in manuscript many years earlier. It was only 

 through Boisduval's habitual dilatoriness that this manuscript name of his was (as shown 

 above) published by Doubleday in 1844 in a slightly different way. 



The name Helicodes Boisduval is invalid, not only as a junior homonym of Helicodes 

 Doubleday, 1844, but also as a junior objective synonym of Consul Hiibner, [1807]. 

 HELICON A Guerin-Meneville, [1844], Icon. Regne Anim. Cuvier 3 (texte explic.) (Ins.) : 472 



(an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Heliconia Godart, [1819]). 

 HELICONIA Godart, [1819], Ency. meth. 9 (Ins.) (1) : 203. Type-species by selection by 

 Hemming (1933, Entomologist 66 : 223) : Papilio charithona Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. (ed. 

 12) 1 (2) : 757. 



It is likely that, when Godart introduced the name Heliconia, he looked upon himself as 

 publishing an emendation of Heliconius Latreille, 1804, but he said nothing to suggest this; 

 in the circumstances it seems best to treat it as a new name of his own. 



The name Heliconia Godart is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Heliconius 

 Kluk, 1802. It was placed by the Commission in its Opinion 382 on the Official Index of 

 Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 384. 

 HELICONIUS Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 465. 



There is no such name as Heliconius Linnaeus, although it has sometimes been claimed that 

 there is, because, in common with certain other words, the word "Heliconius" was used by 

 Linnaeus (and by some of his immediate successors in the Sub-Linnean age) as a term to 

 denote certain groups of species within the genus Papilio Linnaeus. Any remaining doubts as 

 to the status of these terms was dispelled by the Commission when in its Opinion 124 published 

 in 1936 (Smithson. miscell. Coll. 73, No. 4 : 1-2 ; republished in facsimile in 1958, Opin. 

 int. Comm. zool. Nom. 1 (B) : 465-466) it ruled that the terms published in this way did 

 not thereby acquire the status of subgeneric names. 



The reputed generic name Heliconius Linnaeus, 1758, is thus a ghost-name possessing no 

 existence in zoological nomenclature. In order finally to dispose of this cheironym, the Com- 

 mission by its Opinion 383 (published in 1956) placed it on the Official Index of Rejected and 

 Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 382. 

 HELICONIUS Kluk, 1802, Zwierz. Hict. nat. pocz. gospod. 4 : 82. Type-species by selection 

 by Hemming (1933, Entomologist 66 : 223) : Papilio charithonia Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat. 

 (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 757. 



Kluk in the work cited above was the first author to use the word " Heliconius as a 

 generic name in a strictly binominal sense. This name was placed by the Commission in its 



