212 FRANCIS HEMMING 



which could be remedied only by the intervention of the Commission. Particulars of these 

 defects and of the remedial action taken by the Commission are given below. 



First, the name Helicopis Fabricius, 1807, came into collision with the name Rusticus 

 Hiibner, when, following the rejection by the Commission (in Opinion 97) of the leaflet known 

 as the Tentamen (where that name was used for a Plebejid Lycaenid) the latter name was found 

 to rank for priority from 1807 in which year it was published in Volume 1 of Hiibner 's Samml. 

 exot. Schmett. In this work the name Rusticus was used for a number of species, one of which, 

 the Riodinid species Papilio gnidus Fabricius, 1787, became its type-species by subsequent 

 selection. The taxon represented by this nominal species is currently considered to be 

 congeneric with that represented by the nominal species Papilio cupido Linnaeus, the type- 

 species of Helicopis Fabricius. On the basis therefore of the subjective treatment of these 

 two species, the names Helicopis Fabricius and Rusticus Hiibner became subjective synonyms 

 of one another. It was known that both these names were first published in 1807, but nothing 

 was known on the question as to which had priority over the other. 



In order to guard against the risk that later it might be found that of these names Rusticus 

 Hiibner was the first to be published, an application was made to the Commission by myself in 

 !935 that the Plenary Powers should be used to secure the position of Helicopis Fabricius. 

 This application was approved by the Commission, its decision being embodied in its Opinion 

 137 (1942, Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 21-28). In a Supplementary Note to that 

 Opinion, published in 1945 in Part 30A of the same volume (:(5)-(9)) the name Helicopis 

 Fabricius, 1807, was placed on the Official List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 565. 

 The last stage of this part of the case was reached in 1954 when, in its Direction 4 (loc. cit. 2 : 

 629-652) the Commission, while reviewing the rulings given in the earlier Opinions included 

 in the foregoing volume, confirmed the conditional suppression of the name Rusticus Hiibner 

 under the Plenary Powers prescribed in the ruling given in Opinion 137, made that suppression 

 absolute and placed the name Rusticus Hiibner, [1807], so suppressed, on the Official Index of 

 Rejected and Invalid Generic Najes in Zoology as Name No. 213. 



The second of the two defects in the status of the name Helicopis Fabricius, 1807, came to 

 light when it was discovered that the till-then overlooked name Helicopis [Illiger], 1807, 

 possessed a narrow margin of priority over it. As has been explained in the note on Illiger's 

 name this difficulty was overcome by the suppression by the Commission of the name Helicopis 

 [Illiger] under its Plenary Powers by the ruling given in 1954 m its Opinion 232. 



The twofold action by the Commission described above served fully to secure the position 

 of Helicopis Fabricius as the oldest available name for the genus having Papilio cupido 

 Linnaeus as type-species. 



HELIOCHLAENA Hiibner, 1821, Index, exot. Lep. : [4]. Type-species by monotypy : 

 Limnas leucosia Hiibner, [1806], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1 : pi. [29]. 



Up till 1946 the name Heliochlaena Hiibner was a junior objective synonym of Limnas 

 Hiibner [1806]. In that year however the generic name Limnas Hiibner was suppressed by 

 the Commission under its Plenary Powers by the Ruling given in its Opinion 171, the purpose 

 of this action being to prevent the name Limnas Hiibner from replacing the well-known name 

 Nymphidium Fabricius, 1807, of which it was a senior subjective synonym. By the suppres- 

 sion of the name Limnas Hiibner, the name Heliochlaena Hiibner became an available name 

 nomenclatorially, being placed thereupon as a junior subjective synonym of Nymphidium 

 Fabricius. 



HELIOCHROMA Butler, 1869, Cistula ent. 1 : 15. Type-species by monotypy : Helio- 

 chroma idiotica Butler, 1869, ibid. 1 : 15. 



HELIOPETES Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 81. Type-species by monotypy : 

 Papilio niveus Cramer, [1775], Uitl. Kapellen 1 (2) : 33, pi. 22, fig. C. 



The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio niveus Cramer is currently treated 

 subjectively on taxonomic grounds as being the same as that represented by the older-estab- 

 lished nominal species Papilio arsalte Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 469). 



