256 FRANCIS HEMMING 



and Canopus were subjective synonyms of one another. When I dealt with this matter in 

 1943 (Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 28), I took the view that a name established in the 

 manner adopted by Rothschild & Jordan when introducing Leucotricha could not properly 

 be regarded as a replacement name, strictly so called, but should be treated as the name of 

 new independently established genus. Accordingly, from among the nominal species cited 

 by the authors of Leucotricha I selected Papilio daedalus Fabricius to be the type-species of 

 Leucotricha. The effect of this action, if it had been nomenclatorially correct (which for the 

 reasons explained below it was not) would have been to make Leucotricha a junior subjective 

 synonym of Hamanumida. A recent re-examination of the position as regards these three 

 generic names has disclosed a number of errors on questions of fact in the observations made 

 by Rothschild & Jordan when establishing the nominal genus Leucotricha : first, the type- 

 species of Hamanumida is Papilio meleagris Cramer, [1 775], and not Papilio daedalus Fabricius, 

 as stated by Rothschild & Jordan ; second, those authors were in error in stating that Papilio 

 veronica Stoll [in Cramer], [1780], was the type-species of Canopus, the type-species being in 

 fact Papilio meleagris Cramer, which (as noted above) is the true type-species of Hamanumida 

 also. 



Since (as is now seen) Hamanumida and Canopus are objective synonyms of one another — 

 and not merely subjective synonyms, as Rothschild & Jordan erroneously believed — a replace- 

 ment published for either of these names is automatically a replacement for both. 

 Leucotricha is thus a validly established replacement for the above generic names, the 

 genus so named having automatically (under Article 6j(i)) the same species as those of 

 the two genera so replaced, namely Papilio meleagris Cramer, [1775]. What is peculiar 

 is that Rothschild & Jordan should have supposed that the name Hamanumida was in 

 need of replacement, for it is in fact an indubitably available name. The name Leucotricha 

 proposed by these authors was thus an entirely unnecessary name, being a junior objective 

 synonym of Hamanumida Hiibner, [1819]. 



Today, as in Rothschild & Jordan's time (1903), the nominal species Papilio meleagris 

 Cramer, [1775], the type-species of Hamanumida Hiibner, and Papilio daedalus Fabricius, 

 1775 (Syst. Ent. : 482) are treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as representing the 

 same taxon. Until the promulgation by the Commission of its Opinion 516 in 1958 (Opin. 

 int. Comm. zool. Nom. 19 : 1-44) there existed no means of determining the relative 

 precedence to be accorded to names proposed by various authors, including Fabricius and 

 Cramer in works published in 1775. In that Opinion, however, the Commission gave direc- 

 tions under its Plenary Powers in which, inter alia, precedence was given to the names 

 proposed by Fabricius over those proposed by Cramer. Accordingly, the specific name 

 daedalus Fabricius, 1775, discussed above, takes precedence over its competitor, the specific 

 name meleagris Cramer published in the same year. On the basis of the subjective synonymy 

 indicated above, that specific name, being a nomenclatorially available name and the earliest 

 such name applicable to the species here under consideration is its valid specific name. 



LEVINA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 46, 59. Type-species by original 

 designation : Apaustus levina Plotz, 1884, Stett. ent. Ztg 45 : 162-163. 



LEXIAS Boisduval, [1832], in d'Urville, Voy. " Astrolabe " , Faun. ent. 1 (Lep.) : 125. Type- 

 species by monotypy : Papilio aeropa Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 475. 



Following the action by Linnaeus in 1767 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) 1 (2) : 768), Boisduval cited 

 the specific name of the type-species in the form " aeropus ". 



LIBRA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 303, 369. Type-species by original 

 designation : Augiades (?) aligula Schaus, 1902, Proc. U.S. nat. Mus. 24 : 438. 



LIBRITA Evans, 1955, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 4 : 302, 360. Type-species by original 

 designation : Hesperia librita Plotz, 1886, Stett. ent. Ztg 47 : 100. 



LIBYTHAEUS Boitard, 1828, Manuel Ent. 2 : 299 (an Unjustified Emendation of Libythea 

 Fabricius, 1807). 



