258 FRANCIS HEMMING 



Hubner, [1806], of the Tentamen, on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names 

 in Zoology as Name No. 80, and the generic name Limenitis Fabricius, 1807, on the Official 

 List of Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 701. 



LIMINA Moore, [1896], hep. ind. 3 (25) : 7. Type-species by original designation : Apatura 

 subalba Poujade, 1885, Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1885 : ccvii. 



LIMNAECIA Scudder, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 47. Type-species by original 

 designation : Melitaea harrisii Scudder, 1863, Proc. Essex Inst. 3 : 167. 



The name Limnaecia Scudder is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of Limnaecia Stainton, 

 1851 (Suppl. Cat. Brit. Tin. Pteroph. : 4). 



LIMN AS Hubner, [1806], Tentamen : [1]. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio chrysippus 

 Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 471. 



The position as regards the present generic name is exactly similar to that of the name 

 Najas Hubner discussed above in the note on the name Limenitis Fabricius, that is, it is 

 invalid, having been published in a work (Hiibner's Tentamen) which has been rejected for 

 nomenclatorial purposes by the Commission by the Ruling given in its Opinion 97. Later, 

 by the Ruling given in its Opinion 278 the name Limnas Hubner, as of the Tentamen, was 

 placed on the Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 78. 



The taxon represented by the nominal species Papilio chrysippus Linnaeus was formerly 

 treated subjectively on taxonomic grounds as congeneric with the taxon represented by the 

 nominal species Papilio plexippus Linnaeus, the type-species of the genus Danaus Latreille, 

 1807 ; in consequence, during the fortunately short period in which the Tentamen names 

 were accepted, the name Limnas Hubner of that pamphlet was substituted by some authors 

 for the name Danaus, a change which was particularly confusing in view of the fact that that 

 generic name is the eponym of a very well-known family, the Danaidae. Fortunately, this 

 threat to stability in nomenclature passed away when the Commission rejected the Tentamen 

 for nomenclatorial purposes. Incidentally, it was discovered later (Hemming, 1933, Entom- 

 ologist 66 : 222) that the name Danaus had first been used in the foregoing sense by Kluk 

 in 1802, with the result that, even if the Tentamen had been an available work, the name 

 Limnas would — on the taxonomic ideas then current — have been a junior subjective synonym 

 of Danaus Kluk, 1802, and thus deprived of the power of causing nomenclatorial confusion. 

 For those workers who take the view that Limnas Hubner (type-species : Papilio chrysippus 

 Linnaeus) is taxonomically distinct from Danaus Kluk (either generically or subgenerically), 

 there is available now the replacement name Panlymnas Bryk, 1937. 



LIMNAS Hubner, [1806], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1 : pi. [29]. Type-species by monotypy : 

 Limnas leucosia Hubner, [1806], ibid. 1 : pi. [29]. 



The taxon represented by the nominal species Limnas leucosia Hubner is currently treated 

 subjectively as being congeneric with the nominal species Papilio caricae Linnaeus, 1758, 

 the type-species of the genus Nymphidium Fabricius, 1807. Thus, if the normal rules in the 

 Code had been applied in the present case, the name Limnas Hubner, [1806] (of the Sammlung) 

 would have replaced the well-known name Nymphidium Fabricius. It was to prevent this 

 from happening that the Commission in its Opinion 171 promulgated in 1946 (Opin. int. 

 Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 459-470) suppressed the name Limnas Hubner, [1806] (of the 

 Sammlung) under its Plenary Powers. In that Opinion this suppression was for all purposes, 

 but later, in order to prevent the name Limnas from becoming an available name as from some 

 later author, the Commission in its Direction 2 promulgated in 1954 (l° c - c ^- 2 : 613-628) 

 limited the action taken in Opinion 171 to the suppression of the name Limnas Hubner to 

 " suppression for the purposes of the Law of Priority ", thus preserving for that name its 

 rights under the Law of Homonymy and rendering invalid under that Law any later use of 

 that name. By the same Direction the Commission placed the name Limnas Hubner, [1806], 

 as suppressed under the Plenary Powers by the Ruling given in Opinion 171, as interpreted 

 by the Supplementary Ruling given in Direction 2, on the Official Index of Rejected and 

 Invalid Generic Names in Zoology as Name No. 164. 



