288 FRANCIS HEMMING 



The name Mesosemia philoclessa Hiibner was introduced as a replacement for the name 

 Papilio philocles Linnaeus, 1758 (Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 483). This action of Hiibner's was 

 quite uncalled-for ; the name philoclessa Hiibner is objectively invalid, and the name philocles 

 Linnaeus is the valid name for this species. 



MESOTAENIA Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 209. Type-species through Section (i) 

 (replacement names) of Article 67 : Callitaenia doris Felder (C.) & Felder (R.), 1861, 

 Wien. ent. Monats. 5 : 107. 



The name Mesotaenia Kirby was introduced as a replacement for Callitaenia Felder (C.) & 

 Felder (R.), 1861, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. 



MESOXANTHA Aurivillius, 1898, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl, Stockholm 31 (No. 5) : 

 J 53. J 57- Type-species by monotypy : Papilio ethosea Drury, [1782], ///. nat. Hist. 3 : 

 index et 51, pi. 37, figs 3, 4. 



MESSARAS Doubleday, [1848], Gen. diurn. Lep. (1) : 163. Type-species by selection by 

 Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 217) : Papilio erymanthis Drury, 

 i 1 !!?)]' HI- nat - Hist. 1 : index et 29, pi. 15, figs 3, 4. 



The name Messaras Doubleday is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Cupha 

 Billberg, 1820. 



MESTAPRA Moore, 1883, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1883 : 285. Type-species by original designa- 

 tion : Euploea fraudulenta Butler, 1882, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (5) 10 : 41. 



MESTRA Hiibner, [1825], Samml. exot. Schmett. 2 : pi. [45]. Type-species by monotypy : 

 Mestra hypermnestra Hiibner, [1825], ibid. 2 : pi. [45]. 



METACHARIS Butler, 1867, Ent. mon. Mag. 3 : 174. Type-species by selection by Scudder 

 (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 217) : Hesperia ptolomaeus Fabricius, 1793, 

 Ent. syst. 3 (1) : 319. 



METACRENIS Butler, 1895, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1895 (2) : 259. Type-species by original 

 designation : Harma concordia Hopffer, 1855, Ber. Verh. Akad. Berlin 1855 : 641. 



The name Metacrenis Butler is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Crenidomimas 

 Karsch, 1894. 



METAMANDANA Stichel, 1907, in Wytsman's Gen. Ins. 63 : 6. Type-species by original 

 designation : Papilio dido Linnaeus, 1763, Amoen. acad. 6 : 408. 



First, it must be noted that Stichel actually cited the type-species as " Papilio dido Clerck, 

 1764 ". The reference here is to fig. 2 (2 figs) on pi. [30] in the second part of Clerck's Icones, 

 the names used in which were provided by Linnaeus and are attributable to that author and 

 not to Clerck, who was responsible only for the production of the plates. When Linnaeus 

 introduced the name Papilio dido in the Amoen. acad., he cited in synonymy the above plate 

 in the Icones. That plate was however still unpublished at that time and accordingly the name 

 Papilio dido Linnaeus is attributable to the Amoen. acad. and not to the Icones. 



Second, it must be noted that Godman & Salvin in 1881 (Biol, centr .-amer . , Lep. Rhop. 1 : 

 166) treated Papilio dido as belonging to the genus Metamorpha Hiibner, [1819], of which they 

 considered that it was the sole species, and in 1894 (in Allen's Nat. Libr., Lepid. 1 : 46, 47) 

 Kirby actually designated that species as the type-species of Metamorpha. This usage was 

 entirely incorrect because the true type-species of this genus (by selection by Scudder in 1875) 

 is Metamorpha elissa Hiibner, [1819] (a species objectively identical with Papilio sulpitia Stoll, 

 [1780], the name of which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy). This misuse of the name 

 Metamorpha had a most unfortunate result, because the true type-species is a Junoniine 

 Nymphalid, whereas Papilio dido is a Heliconiine. It was to correct this misusage that in 

 1907 Stichel introduced the name Metamandana in 1907. 



Both Stichel when pointing out the correct use of the name Metamorpha and also his 

 predecessors who misused that name for Papilio dido overlooked the fact that species was 

 already the type-species of a much older genus, Philaethria Billberg, 1820. Thus, the name 

 Metamandana Stichel is invalid as a junior objective synonym of the older-established nominal 

 genus Philaethria Billberg. 



