322 FRANCIS HEMMING 



(Syst. Ent. : 495). The relevant precedence to be accorded to names published in 1775 by 

 Denis & Schiffermuller and by Fabricius respectively remained a matter of doubt until in 

 1958 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 19 : 1-44) the Commission gave a Ruling in its Opinion 516 

 according precedence to the Fabrician names over those of Denis & Schiffermuller. 

 Accordingly, on the basis of the synonymy indicated above the oldest available specific 

 name applicable to the present species is circe Fabricius. 

 ORE AS Hiibner, [1807], Samml. exot. Schmett. 1 : pi. [82]. Type-species by monotypy : 

 Papilio pier a Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 465. 



Following the rejection by the Commission (in its Opinion 97) of the leaflet entitled the 

 Tentamen of 1806 and therefore of Oreas and the other names first introduced in it, it is 

 necessary to ascertain by whom, when and where the name Oreas was first subsequently used 

 as a generic name in conditions which satisfy the conditions of the Code. This is found to be 

 Hiibner himself in volume 1 of his Sammlung exotischer Schmetterlinge, where he applied this 

 name to the species figured on fifteen plates (pis [82]-[g6]). These plates were published on 

 various dates between 1807 and 1819, and, as shown by the survey of the surviving Hiibner 

 manuscripts (Hemming, 1937, Hiibner 1 : 403) the first was published as early as 1807. 

 This is plate [82], which depicts Papilio pier a Linnaeus, which is therefore the type-species by 

 monotypy. 



The name Oreas Hiibner, [1807], as defined by the foregoing type-species, is an objective 

 synonym of the well-known name Haetera Fabricius, 1807. As these names were published 

 in the same year and nothing definite is known as to the precise date in that year on which the 

 name Haetera was published, while it is known that the name Oreas Hiibner was published at 

 latest by 22nd December of that year, the name Oreas Hiibner would, other things being 

 equal, take precedence over the name Haetera Fabricius. This is only one of a number of 

 cases in which Hiibnerian names in volume 1 of the Sammlung are either slightly older than, 

 or of the same date as, well known Fabrician names of 1807. Great confusion would have 

 resulted if these virtually unknown Hiibnerian names had in any of these cases been substi- 

 tuted for their long-established Fabrician counterparts. To obviate this risk an application 

 was submitted to the Commission in 1935, asking for the protection of Fabrician names 

 threatened in this way, three Fabrician names (Morpho ; Helicopis ; Pontia) with their 

 Hiibnerian counterparts {Potamis ; Rusticus ; Alancipiion) being cited as examples. The 

 request so submitted was approved by the Commission, whose decision was promulgated in 

 Opinion 137 published in 1942 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 2 : 21-28), the Commission 

 ruling that generic names published on the legends of plates in volume 1 of Hubner's 

 Samml. exot. Schmett. in 1807 were to take precedence after any corresponding names published 

 by Fabricius in the same year in volume 6 of Illiger's Magazin. 



Under the Commission's Ruling cited above, the name Oreas Hiibner, [1807], takes prece- 

 dence after the name Haetera Fabricius, 1807. Accordingly, as these names are objective 

 synonyms of one another, the name Oreas Hiibner, [1807], is invalid, as being a junior objec- 

 tive synonym of Haetera Fabricius, 1807. 

 OREAS Oken, 1815, Lehrbuch Naturgeschichte 3 (Zool.) (1) : 740. Type-species by selection by 

 Scudder (1875, Proc. amer. Acad. Arts Sci., Boston 10 : 233) : Papilio proserpina [Denis & 

 Schiffermuller], 1775, Ankimdung [sic] eines syst. Werkes Schmett. Wiener Gegend : 155, pi. ia, 

 fig. 9 (larva), pi. ib, figs 9a, 9b. 



For many years the acceptability for nomenclatorial purposes of Oken's Lehrbuch was the 

 subject of argument and doubt. This matter was set at rest by the Commission in 1956 

 (Opin. int. Comm. zool. Nom. 14 : 1-42) in its Opinion 417, in which it ruled that in his 

 Lehrbuch Oken did not apply the principles of binominal nomenclature and accordingly 

 rejected this work for nomenclatorial purposes, at the same time placing its title on the 

 Official Index of Rejected and Invalid Works in Zoological Nomenclature as Title No. 33. The 

 name Oreas Oken, 1815, accordingly possesses no status in zoological Nomenclature. Even 

 if this had not been so, the name Oreas Oken would have been invalid as a junior homonym of 

 Oreas Hiibner, [1807]. 



