GENERIC NAMES OF BUTTERFLIES 335 



published in the Ankiindung over names published in the Uitl. Kapellen. Accordingly, on 

 the basis of the subjective taxonomic view set out above, the name pandora [Denis & 

 SchifTcrmiiller] (type-locality : Vienna) becomes the specific name for the collective-species 

 as a whole, while the name maja Cramer becomes the subspecific name for the subspecies of 

 Papilio pandora occurring in the neighbourhood of Constantinople. 



PANGERANA Moore, 1886, J. linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. 21 : ^1. Type-species by monotypy : 

 Papilio varuna White, 1842, Entomologist 1 : 280. 



PANGERANOPSIS Wood-Mason & de Niceville, 1886, /. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Pt II, 55 (4) : 

 374. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio elephenor Doubleday, 1845, Ann. Mag. nat. 

 Hist. 16 : 305. 



PANLYMNAS Bryk, 1037, Lep. Cat. 78 : 56. Type-species through Section (i) (replacement 

 names) of Article 67 : Papilio chrysippus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. 'Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 471. 



Bryk introduced the name Panlymnas as a replacement for the name Litnnas Hiibner, 

 [1806] (Tentamen : (1)), a name published in a work rejected lor nomenclatorial purposes 

 by the Commission by the Ruling given in its Opinion 97. Bryk designated Papil pptts 



as the type-species of his Panlymnas, but, though convenient, this was not essential, in view 

 of the fact that that species was the tvpc-species (by monotypy) of the nominal ^cnus, lor the 

 name of which Bryk published the replacement name Panlymnas, and was therefore automatic- 

 ally the type-species also of the replacement genus Panlymnas. 



PANOPAEA Felder (C), 1861, Nora Acta I.cop. Carol. 28 (No. 3) : 27 (an Incorrect Subsequent 

 Spelling of Panopea Hiibner, [1819]). 



Felder gave no indication to suggest that the spelling " Panopaea " was an intentional 

 variant (that is, a deliberate emendation) of the name Panopea Hiibner, [1819]. Felder's 

 Panopaea is therelore here treated as an Incorrect Subsequent Spelling of Panopea Hiibner 

 and not as an Unjustified Emendation i>t that name. It may be noted that, even ii Panopaea 

 had been published as ,w\ emendation, in which case Panopaea would have possessed rights 111 

 zoological nomenclature and, other things being equal, would have been available as a replace- 

 ment name as from the author by whom, and the date on which, it was published, it would 

 nevertheless have been invalid, lor it would have been a junior homonym of Panopaea Lamarck 

 1818 {Hist. nat. Anim. sans Vertibr. 5 : 456), an Unjustified Emendation oi Panopea Menard 

 de la Grove, 1807 (Ann. Mus. Hist, nat., l'aris 9 (50/51) : 135). 



PANOPEA Hiibner, [1819], Vers, bekannt. Stinnett. (3) : 39, Type-species by selection by 

 Hemming (1943, Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 12 : 28—29) : Papilio semire Cramer, [1779], 

 Uitl. Kapellen 3 (17) : 3, pi. 104, figs B, C. 



The name Panopea Hiibner is invalid, as being a junior homonym of Panopea Menard cle la 

 Groye, 1807 [reference given in the immediately preceding entry] and also of Panopea 

 Rafinesque, 1815 (Analyse Nature : 135). It has been replaced by the name Chloropoea 

 Aurivillius, 1898. 



PANOPLUIA Reakirt, [1865], Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 3 : 503, 504 (invalid under Article 1 of 

 the Code because based on a hypothetical concept.) 



The name Panopluia was introduced by Reakirt in a revision of the genus Papilio Linnaeus. 

 Reakirt recognised frankly that the concept represented by Panopluia was entirely hypo- 

 thetical, no species conforming to the diagnosis which he provided being known to him. 



For the date assigned to this generic name see the particulars given under the name 

 Atrophaneura Reakirt. 



PANOQUINA Hemming, 1934, Entomologist 67 : 38. Type-species through Section (i) 

 (replacement names) of Article 67 : Hesperia panoquin Scudder, 1863, Proc. Essex Inst. 

 3 : 178. 



The name Panoquina was introduced as a replacement for Prenes Scudder, 1872, which is 

 invalid under the Law of Homonymy. 



