352 FRANCIS HEMMING 



several specimens, taken on the range near Castle Hill Station, west of Porter's Pass, at an 

 altitude of over 6,000 ft. ... I believe it to be a species of Erebia, and have named it E. pluto." 

 The use of the single adjective " black " cannot be held to constitute an " indication " for the 

 name Erebia pluto Fereday and the citation of a type-locality also does not constitute an 

 " indication ". The name Erebia pluto Fereday is invalid as a nomen nudum. Even if this 

 name had been duly published with an " indication ", it would nevertheless have been 

 invalid, because it is a junior secondary homonym of Erebia pluto (Prunner, 1798 (Papilio 

 pluto de Prunner, 1798)). Fereday quickly realized that his name Erebia pluto was invalid 

 under the Law of Homonymy, and in a paper published in May 1876 (Trans. N.Z. Inst. 

 8 : 302-304, pi. 9) he described and figured this species under the new name Oreina (?) othello. 

 In the preceding year (1875, Ent. mon. Mag. 12 : 10) Hewitson had described the same species 

 under the name Erebia merida. This is therefore the oldest available name subjectively 

 applicable to the species to which in 1872 Fereday had given the invalid name Erebia pluto. 

 When in 1876 Butler established the nominal genus Percnodaimon, he provided a diagnosis 

 and stated that the genus was monobasic and added the formula " Type P. Pluto ". In a 

 following paragraph he discussed what he called " Percnodaimon Pluto Fereday = Erebia 

 merula Hewitson ". Butler went on to express the view that the name Erebia pluto Fereday, 

 [1872], was nomenclatorially available because that author had stated that the species was 

 " black " and because there was " no other black Erebia in New Zealand ". As has already 

 been explained in the present note, the arguments advanced by Butler were nomenclatorially 

 invalid. On the other hand, the name Percnodaimon pluto as published by Butler in the paper 

 here under discussion is certainly to be regarded as having been duly published with an 

 " indication ", Butler having expressly identified it with the duly published and documented 

 name Erebia merula Hewitson, 1855. As shown above, the nominal species [Percnodaimon] 

 pluto was designated by Butler as the type-species of his genus Percnodaimon, that species 

 being attributable in this connection to Butler and taking the date 1876. This name is 

 however invalid as a secondary homonym in exactly the same way that the name Erebia 

 pluto Fereday, 1872, would have been invalid, if in other respects it had been a nomen- 

 clatorially available name. Accordingly, the oldest available name applicable to the present 

 species is Erebia merula Hewitson, 1875, that name representing objectively the same taxon 

 as that represented by the nominal species Percnodaimon pluto (Fereday MS.) Butler, 1876, 

 and in addition bearing an older name than Oreina (?) othello Fereday, 1876, a name proposed 

 as a replacement for the invalid name Erebia pluto Fereday, [1872], from which it differs only 

 in that it was duly provided with a description and figure. 



PERENEIA Lindsey, 1925, Denison Univ. Bull. 21 (1/3) : 107. Type-species by original 

 designation : Pereneia pandora Lindsey, 1925, ibid. 21 (1/3) : 107. 



PEREUTE Herrich-Schaeffer, 1867, CorrespBl. zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 21 : 105, 138. 

 Type-species by selection by Butler (1870, Cistulaent. 1 : 40) : Euterpe callinice Felder (C.) 

 & Felder (R.), 1861, Wien. ent. Monats. 5 : 79. 



PERIA Kirby, 1871, Syn. Cat. diurn. Lep. : 205. Type-species through Section (i) (replace- 

 ment names) of Article 67 : Papilio lamis Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 2 (20) : 77, pi. 238, fig. E. 

 The name Peria was introduced by Kirby as a replacement for the name Pelia Doubleday, 

 [1849], which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. 



PERICHARES Scudder, 1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 81. Type-species by 

 original designation : Papilio coridon Fabricius, 1775, Syst. Ent. : 533. 



The name Papilio coridon Fabricius is invalid, as it is a junior homonym of the name 

 Papilio coridon Poda, 1761 (Ins. Mus. graec. : 77). The oldest available name subjectively 

 applicable to the type-species of this genus is considered on taxonomic grounds to be Papilio 

 philetes Gmelin, [1790] (in Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 13) 1 (5) : 2364). 



PERIDROMIA Boisduval, [1836], (Roret's Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gen. Lepid. 

 1 : pi. 23 [= 7C], fig. 5. Type-species by monotypy : Papilio arethusa Cramer, [1775], 

 Uitl. Kapellen 1 (7) : 122, pi. 77, figs E, F. 



