464 FRANCIS HEMMING 



ZEPHYRIUS Billberg, 1820, Enum. Ins. Mus. Billb. : 80 (an Erroneous Subsequent Spelling 

 of Zephyrus Dalma, 181 6). 



ZEPHYRUS Dalman, 1816, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl., Stockholm 1816 (1) : 62, 63. 

 Type-species by original designation (" Generis Typus. Z . betulae ") : Papilio betulae Linnaeus, 

 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1 : 482. 



The name Zephyrus Dalman is invalid, as it is a junior objective synonym of Thecla 

 Fabricius, 1807. 



ZERA Evans, 1953, Cat. amer. Hesp. Brit. Mus. 3 : 13, 108. Type-species by original desig- 

 nation : Achlyodes zera Butler, 1870, Trans, ent. Soc. Lond. 1870 : 514. 



ZERENE Hiibner, [1819], Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (7) : 97. Type-species by selection by 

 Scudder (1872, 4th Ann. Rep. Peabody Acad. Sci. 1871 : 59) : Papilio cesonia Stoll, [1790], 

 Aanhangs. Werk Uitl. Kapellen Pieter Cramer : 176, pi. 41, fig. 2. 



ZERINTHIA Sodovskii, 1837, Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 1837 (6) : 82 (an Unjustified Emen- 

 dation of Zerynthia Ochsenheimer, 18 16). 



ZERITIS Boisduval, [1836], (Roret's Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gen. Lepid, 1 : pi. 22 

 [= pi. 6C], fig. 6. Type species by monotypy : Zeritis neriene Boisduval, [1836], ibid., 

 Spec. gen. Lepid. 1 : pi. 22 [= pi. 6C], fig. 6. 



ZERITIS Aurivillius, 1898, K. svenska VetenskAkad. Handl. Stockholm 31 (No. 5) : 297, 333. 

 Type-species through Section (i) (replacement names) of Article 67 : Zeritis neriene Boisduval, 

 [1836], (Roret's Suite a Buffon), Hist. nat. Ins., Spec. gen. Lepid. 1 : pi. 22 [= pi. 6C], fig. 6. 

 Aurivillius rejected the name Zeritis Boisduval, apparently because it was published on 

 the legend of a plate without a generic diagnosis. Accordingly, in order to provide Zeritis 

 neriene with an available generic name, he republished for it the generic name Zeritis, pro- 

 viding for the taxon concerned a generic diagnosis (in Latin), and treating this name as a new 

 one of his own. Aurivillius's action was completely misconceived, for the name Zeritis 

 Boisduval, [1836], is an available name and in consequence the replacement name Zeritis 

 Aurivillius is invalid as a junior objective synonym of, and as a junior homonym of, Zeritis 

 Boisduval. 



ZERYNTHIA Ochsenheimer, 1816, Schmett. Europa 4 : 29. Type-species through Section (i) 

 (Replacement names) of Article 67 : Papilio hypsipyle Fabricius, 1777, Gen. Ins. : 265. 



The name Zerynthia was introduced by Ochsenheimer as a replacement for the name 

 Thais Fabricius, 1807, which is invalid under the Law of Homonymy. This homonymy was 

 no doubt unknown to Ochsenheimer who gave as his reason for rejecting the name Thais 

 Fabricius the fact that the word " Thais " had previously been used by Fabricius as the 

 name for a species (i.e. in 1793, Ent. Syst. 3 (1) : 149, no. 456). While the reason advanced 

 by Ochsenheimer for rejecting the name Thais Fabricius was fanciful and unsound, this does 

 not detract from the availability of the replacement name Zerynthia, for (as already shown), 

 the name Thais Fabricius is invalid and at the time of the publication of Ochsenheimer's book 

 was in need of replacement. 



As a replacement name Zerynthia Ochsenheimer takes under Article 67(1) as type-species 

 the species which is the type-species of the genus, the name of which it replaces, namely 

 Papilio hypsipyle Fabricius, 1777. Formerly, this automatic procedure was not clearly 

 understood, and an author introducing a replacement name sometimes introduced additional 

 species into the genus and, where (as here) the name of the nominal species which was — or 

 had become — the type-species of the genus, the name of which was, in that author's opinion, 

 a junior synonym of the name of the type-species of the genus, the name he was rejecting 

 and replacing, the author concerned, when establishing the replacement genus, cited the 

 species in question under what he considered to be its oldest subjective synonym. This is 

 what Ochsenheimer did on the present occasion, citing the specific name hypsipyle Fabricius, 

 1777 (the specific name of the type-species of Thais Fabricius) as a junior subjective synonym 

 of the specific name polyxena [Denis & Schiffermuller], 1775. The present is an example of 



