SIMULIIDAE OF AFRICA 25 



SIMULIINI Newman 



SIMULIITES Newman, 1834, Ent. Mag. 2 : 387. Type-genus : Simulium Latreille, 1802. 

 NEVERMANNIINI Enderlein, 1921, Dt. tierdrztl. Wschr. 29 : 199. Type-genus : Never- 



mannia Enderlein, 192 1. 

 FRIESIINI Enderlein, 1936, Sber. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berl. 1936 : 117. Type-genus : Friesia 



Enderlein, 1922. 

 WILHELMIINI Enderlein, 1936, Sber. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berl. 1936 : 119. Type-genus : 



Wilhelmia Enderlein, 1921. 

 ODAGMIINI Enderlein, 1936, Sber. Ges. naturf. Freunde Berl. 1936 : 127. Type-genus : 



Odagmia Enderlein, 1921. 

 AUSTROS1MULIINI Smart, 1945, Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 95 : 472. Type-genus : 



Austrosimulium Tonnoir, 1925. 



Diagnosis. Mesepisternal sulcus deep, well defined, usually very narrow and more or less 

 complete anteriorly (Text-figs. 17, 19) ; katepisternum in profile almost always distinctly longer 

 than its depth (Text-fig. 19). Pedisulcus present or absent. Costa with spiniform macrotrichia 

 intermixed with hair-like setae. Vein Rs always undivided, Cu 2 always sinuous with double 

 curvature. Basal cell absent or present. Last segment of maxillary palp slender and tapering, 

 much longer than either of the two preceding segments (some exceptions). Fore tarsus slender 

 or dilated. Basal section of radius haired or bare. Pleural membrane bare or haired. _J head 

 always holoptic. Cocoon discrete and well formed (even if reduced to cover only pupal abdomen), 

 simple or shoe-shaped. Pupal abdomen with small terminal tubercles, blunt or at most slightly 

 thorn-like. Cuticle of pupal abdomen pale and membranous without definite brown sclerotized 

 terga or sterna and without pleural plates, abdomen without longitudinally striate areas on the 

 mid-venter of segments 6-8, cuticle mainly forming a delicate transparent pellicle in cast pelt. 

 Pupal abdominal segments 6-8 with or without backwardly-dircctcd spine-combs. Larva 

 always with cephalic fans, tips of inner fan rays forming arc. Larval head pattern varied; 

 cervical sclerites of mature larva always completely isolated in neck membrane from upper ends 

 of postocciput (Text-fig. 21); cephalic apotome widest near hind margin (a few exceptions). 

 Larval mandible with third comb-tooth not enormously enlarged, inner edge of mandible never 

 with long saw-like series of serrations (serrations at most numbering 4-5, usually two). Post- 

 genal cleft very varied but sometimes reaching base of hypostomium. Hypostomium usually 

 with nine apical teeth in rather even row, without teeth aggregated in three main prominent 

 groups (but variant forms occur). Larval maxilla with hair tuft near base of palp sparse, pale 

 and inconspicuous. Larval cuticle bare or with setae of varied forms. Anal sclerite X-shaped, 

 always present. Rectal gills often with secondary lobules. 



The tribe Simuliini as here defined contains four genera : the very large cosmo- 

 politan genus Simulium Latreille in the broad sense, the endemic Australasian genus 

 Austrosimulium Tonnoir (occurring in Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand and 

 Campbell Island), the new monotypic genus Afrosimulium gen. n. from southern 

 Africa, and the Holarctic genus Metacnephia gen. n. here described for most of the 

 species previously placed in ' Cnephia ' of authors (not of Enderlein). The 

 differences between Simulium, Afrosimulium and Metacnephia are indicated in the 

 accompanying keys, diagnoses and discussion sections later in this paper, but a few 

 of the main characters of the extra-limital genus Austrosimulium may be enumerated 

 here to indicate how this genus differs from the Simuliine genera occurring in Africa. 



In Austrosimulium the antennae are io-segmented (rarely even with only 9 

 segments) instead of n-segmented as in the other genera (some very rare exceptions 

 occur in Simulium in which the antenna has 10 or 12 segments), and the male style 

 has multiple spinules (almost always one spinule in the other genera, although a few 



