ao R. W. CROSSKEY 



Taeniopterna Enderlein, 1925 : 203. Type-species : Melusina macropyga Lundstrom, 191 1, by 



original designation. 

 Hellichia Enderlein, 1925 : 203. Type-species : Hellichia latifrons Enderlein, 1925, by original 



designation. 

 Mallochella Enderlein, 1930 : 91. Type-species : Mallochella sibirica Enderlein, 1930 [ = Simulia 



hirtipes Fries, 1824], by original designation. Junior homonym, preoccupied by Mallochella 



Duda, 1925 (Diptera), see Mallochianella. 

 Mallochianella Vargas & Diaz Najera, 1948 : 67. Replacement name for Mallochella Enderlein, 



1930, preoccupied. 

 Urosimulium Contini, 1963 : 89. Type-species : Urosimulium stefanii Contini, 1963 [=Pro- 



simulium aculeatum Rivosecchi, 1963], by original designation. 



Diagnosis. Costa with hair-like macrotrichia only. Vein Rs forked (Text-fig. 1), the fork 

 well before apex but the two branches sometimes lying closely parallel, hair vestiture dividing 

 and running along each branch. Calcipala absent or at most rudimentary. Claws of $ simple 

 or with minute pointed basal denticle, rarely with well developed tooth. Gonapophyses of $ 

 terminalia usually produced pointed-tonguelike. Pupal abdomen with large lateral pleural 

 plates on segments 4 and 5, these separated from terga and sterna of these segments by paired 

 longitudinally striate areas. Pupal gill in the one North African species with 12 filaments 

 branching near base (variously formed in extra-limital species, often with one or more irregular 

 main trunks from which slender filaments arise) . Outermost tooth of each outer group of larval 

 hypostomial teeth almost always longer than, or at least subequal to, other teeth. Larval 

 mandible with irregular saw-like serrations numbering 8-25 (very rare exceptions with only 

 about six serrations). 



Distribution. Throughout Holarctic Regions, including Iceland, Japan, Medi- 

 terranean islands, North Africa (Morocco) and the Middle East (Lebanon). The 

 distribution includes Bear Island (Bjornoya) in the Arctic Ocean, the most northerly 

 known locality for Simuliidae. 



Discussion. In Africa the subgenus Prosimulium is known only from some locali- 

 ties in Morocco recorded by Grenier et al. (1957) for a species identified by them as 

 perhaps the European species P. (P.) hirtipes (Fries), but differing in the pupal stage 

 by having the gill with 12 filaments instead of the usual 16 ; unfortunately Moroccan 

 material consists only of some larvae and one pupa. It is possible that other species 

 exist in North Africa, or that this same species is much more widely distributed ; 

 it is not particularly surprising to find Prosimulium s. str. in North Africa, as 

 Rivosecchi (1964) has now recorded five species from Sicily and a more or less 

 continuous distribution presumably could have existed at geological periods when 

 the Sicilo-Tunisian land-bridge was broad and complete, or at least such could have 

 provided a route of overland dispersal (furthermore Prosimulium s. str. occurs in 

 the Spanish Sierra Nevada which is geographically very close to the areas of the 

 Moroccan Middle Atlas in which Prosimulium also occurs). 



The segregate Helodon Enderlein has been ranked by Stone (1963, 1965) as a 

 subgenus of Prosimulium and by Rubzov (1959-1964) even as a full genus. The 

 type-species (ferrugineum Wahlberg) appears distinctive because of the reddish 

 colour of the adults and particularly because of the unusual form of pupal gill (see 

 figure 44 in Rubzov, op. cit.), but as pointed out by Stone (1963 : 10) the segregate 

 Helodon can at best be only very weakly defined ; in fact, there appears to be little 

 real distinction between onychodactylum Dyar & Shannon, which Stone (1963, 1965) 



