SIMULIIDAE OF AFRICA 



17 



The tribe Prosimuliini as now denned contains the genera Gymnopais Stone, 

 Twinnia Stone & Jamnback, Prosimulium Roubaud, Crozetia Davies, and Gigantodax 

 Enderlein, which are widely accepted as full genera. In addition it contains several 

 other genus-group segregates that are variously treated either as full genera or as sub- 

 genera by different specialists : these include Astega Enderlein, Cnephia Enderlein, 

 Cnesia Enderlein, Ectemnia Enderlein, Greniera Doby & David, Lutzsimulium 

 d'Andretta & d'Andretta, Paraustrosimulium Wygodzinsky & Coscaron, Paracnephia 

 Rubzov and Siegopterna Enderlein. It is outside the scope of the present work to 

 consider these segregates further, except for Paracnephia, since none of them occur in 

 Africa, but a new treatment of them will be presented in a later paper. The only 

 Prosimuliine genus found in Africa is Prosimulium Roubaud s.l., in which I include 

 Rubzov's Paracnephia as a subgenus, and this genus is treated fully below : the 

 genus Metacnephia gen. n. fits Prosimuliini on some of its characters but on balance it 

 has been considered better to assign it to Simuliini, as discussed more fully else- 

 where. 



PROSIMULIUM Roubaud 



Prosimulium Roubaud, 1906 : 521. Type-species : Simulia hirtipes Fries, 1824, by subsequent 

 designation of Malloch, 1914 : 16. 



Diagnosis. Antennae with 9-12 segments. Head without definite postocular semi-shining 

 bullate area. Scutum not covered with long erect hair. Costa and other veins with or without 

 spiniform macrotrichia as well as hairs. Rs forked or simple. Vein Cu% sinuous with double 

 curvature. Basal cell usually distinct. Calcipala varied, from very strong to completely 

 absent. Basal section of radius with all hair semi-recumbent. <£ style with single or multiple 

 spinules. Cocoon normally covering pupal body, often incorporating inorganic particles, rarely 

 reduced to cover only part of abdomen or to a few threads. Gill of pupa filamentous or arbor- 

 escent, sometimes with one or more main trunks from which filaments arise. Pupal abdomen 

 with fully developed onchotaxy, without anchor-like hooklets terminally (except in subgenus 

 Greniera). Larval head with cephalic fans (except sometimes in first instar), the fans normal; 

 inner secondary fan with tips of rays forming an arc or rather straight so that inner fan is flat 

 subtriangular. Head with normal shape or strongly convex laterally, cephalic apotome usually 

 broadest well in front of hind margin but sometimes at posterior end. Hypostomium often with 

 triad apex, but much variation. Antenna short with third segment heavily pigmented or long 

 and pale. Mandibular shape normal, serrations varying from long series to only two or three, 

 third comb-tooth often enormously enlarged compared to others. Cervical sclerites often 

 merged with sclerotized extensions from upper ends of postocciput, but sometimes isolated in 

 neck membrane. Anal sclerite normal X-shaped (except absent in subgenus Ectemnia) . Ventral 

 papillae normally absent, occasionally present. Last abdominal segment without sclerotized 

 accessory ring. 



Distribution. Widespread throughout the Holarctic Regions, including sub- 

 Arctic Baffin Land, Iceland and Bear Island ; also Japan. In the broad sense for 

 the genus here used, distribution includes northern Central America, Patagonia, 

 eastern and southern Africa, and eastern and western mainland of Australia. 

 African distribution as in Map 1. 



Discussion. In recent years the name Prosimulium has been applied only to a 



