16 R. W. CROSSKEY 



SIMULIINAE Newman 



SIMULIITES Newman, 1834, Ent. Mag. 2 : 387. Type-genus : Simulium Latreille, 1802. 



Diagnosis. Lower meso thorax with mesepisternal sulcus, katepisternal region bulbous and 

 clearly delimited. Wing with vein i?i long and merging with costa in apical half of wing; wing 

 membrane with a crease-like submedian fork between M^ and Cu\ (Text-fig. 1), sometimes very 

 weak. Style of male hypopygium with one or more apical spinules. 



PROSIMULIINI Enderlein 



PROSIMULIINAE Enderlein, 1921, Dt. tierdrztl. Wschr. 29 : 199. Type-genus : Prosimulium 



Roubaud, 1906. 

 HELLICHIINI Enderlein, 1925, Zool. Anz. 62 : 203. Type-genus : Hellichia Enderlein, 1925. 

 ECTEMNIINAE Enderlein, 1930, Arch. Massif, phylogen. Ent. 1 : 81. Type-genus : Ectemnia 



Enderlein, 1930. 

 STEGOPTERNINAE Enderlein, 1930, Arch, klassif. phylogen. Ent. 1 : 81. Type-genus : 



Stegopterna Enderlein, 1930. 

 CNESIINAE Enderlein, 1934, Dt. ent. Z. 1933 : 273. Type-genus : Cnesia Enderlein, 1934. 

 GYMNOPAIDINAE Rubzov, 1956, Fauna SSSR (n.s.), No. 64, Diptera 6 (6) : 186. 



Type-genus : Gymnopais Stone, 1949. 

 CNEPHIINI Grenier & Rageau, i960, Bull. Soc. Path. exot. 53 : 739. Type-genus : Cnephia 



Enderlein, 192 1. 



Diagnosis. Mesepisternal sulcus broad and often shallow, evanescent anteriorly (Text-figs. 

 16, 18); katepisternum in profile short and deep (Text-fig. 18). Pedisulcus absent. Costa and 

 other veins sometimes without spiniform macrotrichia. Vein Rs sometimes forked. Vein Cu2 

 sometimes straight or almost so. Basal cell present (Text-fig. 1), almost always distinct, some- 

 times absent. Last segments of maxillary palp short subcylindrical, subequal in length to 

 third segment. Fore tarsus slender. Basal section of radius always haired. Pleural membrane 

 bare (rarely a few hairs on sclerotized part of upper mesopleuron, very rarely on membrane). 

 o* head sometimes dichoptic. Cocoon usually a loosely woven bag without regular or discrete 

 form or well defined anterior edge, rarely almost absent (when reduced to holdfast and a few 

 strands). Pupal abdomen with long strong terminal hooks, if these reduced to pointed or blunt 

 spikes then still conspicuously longer than their basal width. Cuticle of pupal abdomen with 

 thickened sclerotized tergal and sternal plates, often with discretely formed pleural plates or 

 small rounded pleurites, the pale brown sclerotization conspicuous on the cast pupal pelt : 

 venter of abdominal segments 6 and 7 (sometimes also 8) with semi-membranous longitudinally 

 striate area in the mid-line dividing the sternal plates of these segments (inconspicuous in a few 

 forms where the cuticle more delicate than usual) . Some of the abdominal segments of the pupa 

 with backwardly directed spine-combs or at least with granulations on transverse ridge-like 

 swellings of the terga. Larva sometimes without cephalic fans. Inner secondary mouthbrush 

 often flat subtriangular with ray tips forming a straight line. Larval head-spots positive 

 (except Ectemnia) . Cephalic apotome often widest well before hind margin. Larval cervical 

 sclerites often merged in continuous sclerotization with upper end of postocciput (Text-fig. 20). 

 Larval mandible usually with third comb-tooth enormously enlarged (Text-fig. 55) and 

 mandibular serrations often in long sawlike series (Text-fig. 55) (almost always more than 

 two serrations). Postgenal cleft never reaching hypostomium, usually a small subrectangular 

 notch shorter than postgenal bridge (Text-fig. 45). Hypostomium often trifid with teeth in three 

 main prominent groups. Larval maxilla with conspicuous thick hair tuft near base of palp. 

 Larval cuticle bare. Anal sclerite sometimes Y-shaped or absent. Rectal gills simple trilobed, 

 without secondary lobules. 



