THE SOLDIERLESS TERMITES OF AFRICA 



37 



described genera, and several others now known to be awaiting description. They 

 fall readily into two main branches, the more primitive members of which resemble 

 one another in many features, the more specialized diverging considerably in both 

 morphology and behaviour. The formal subfamily diagnosis is followed by a list 

 of the included genera arranged in these two branches and approximately in their 

 hypothetical order of morphological specialization although relationships are 

 distorted by the linear arrangement. 



Subfamily APICOTERMITINAE Grasse and Noirot 

 Apicotcrmitinae Grasse and Noirot, 1954 : 346-388. Type-genus: Apicotermes Holmgren, 1912. 



Imago. Labrum at least as broad as long, without transverse sclerotized band, tip partly 

 hyaline; mandibles, apical teeth short or longer than first marginal, left third marginal always 

 separated from second by a distinct notch or indentation; fontanelle variable, oval or round 

 to obsolete, never slit-like. 



Soldier. Labrum flap-like, not bifurcate or emarginate in front; mandibles fully developed 

 with one or more marginal teeth. This caste absent in some genera. 



Worker. Mandibles similar to imago but with apical and marginal teeth and molar plates 

 more prominent. 



General characters. Tibial spurs 3 : 2 : 2 or 2 : 2 : 2. Proventriculus without sclerotized 

 armature; malpighian tubules two (Labidotermes only) or four, attached separately to epithelium 

 of mesenteron some distance from its junction with the proctodeum; this junction simple, 

 transverse, or overlapping, with mesenteron extended on inner side of curve of intestine, adjacent 

 to insertion of malpighian tubules, and sometimes dilated at posterior end; first segment of 

 proctodeum tubular, never sac-like, sometimes somewhat inflated; enteric valve unarmed or 

 armed with various sclerotized spiny structures, sometimes invaginated into second proctodeal 

 segment or connected to it by a tubular neck which may bear lobes or diverticula at its anterior 

 end. 



The two branches of this subfamily are named after the most widely known 

 genus in each. 



' Apicotermes-branch' 

 Labidotermes Heimitermes 



Ebiirnitermes Coxotermes 

 Trichotomies Hoplognathotermes 

 A llognathotermes 

 Duplidentitermes 

 Acutidentitermes 



'A noplotermes-bx&nch.' 

 Aganotermes Asagarotermes 



Jugositermes 

 Rostrotermes 

 Apicotermes 



A cholotermes 

 Amicotermes 

 A pagotermes 



A nenteotermes 



Aderitotermes 



A noplotermes 

 Ateuchotermes Adaiphrotermes Firmiterrnes 

 A naorotermes Eurytermes 



Euhamitermes 

 Speculilermes 

 Doonitermes 

 Indotermes 



A cidnotermes 

 A malotermes 

 A stalolermes 

 Adynatotermes 

 A stratotermes 

 A lyscotermes 



The ' Anopiotermes-braxxch' probably includes several different lines. The re- 

 lationships between the Ethiopian, Neotropical, and Oriental genera need clarifica- 

 tion, which will not be attained until the two latter regions are better known. Some 

 of the longest mixed segments are found in species from the Oriental region, yet here 

 the enteric valve appears to be uniformly unarmed. In the Neotropical region 

 some species lack armature in this structure whilst heavily armed sclerotized valves 

 are found in others. In the Ethiopian region the most elaborate armature occurs 

 in forms showing little or no mesenteric overlap with the proctodeum, but parallel 

 structures with almost as great complexity have developed in lines with a moderately 

 long mixed segment. 



The systematic order in which this paper is arranged is based on a subjective 

 assessment of increasing specialization away from the assumed primitive forms. 



